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. 2022 Oct 11;10(11):e1612–e1622. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00358-8

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Reduction in influenza attack rates in nine different locations and countries across the globe during the 2019–20 season by COVID-19 PHSMs in 2020

Simulated incidence of influenza viruses with and without implementation of COVID-19 PHSMs. Blue lines indicate the number of cases under the scenario of no COVID-19 PHSMs; red lines indicate the number of cases with the effect of COVID-19 PHSMs in 2020, with 95% CIs in red shaded regions. The difference between blue and red lines represents the respective reduction in incidence of infections for each location. The timing and the magnitude indicators of PHSMs are classified as case-based, community-wide, or travel-related. The grey shaded regions indicate the timing of the COVID-19 pandemic for each location, identified for the effective impact of COVID-19 PHSMs on influenza as the indicator of pre-pandemic and pandemic scenarios. The UK and Australia are not shown because the COVID-19 pandemic started after their respective influenza seasons had concluded. ILI+ proxy=combination of influenza positivity rate and influenza-like illness rate. PHSMs=public health and social measures.