Table 2.
Frequency distribution of 17 qualitative traits (in percent of the total) of barley accessions by region of origins and altitude ranges. The chi-square (X2) statistic is given deviations of observed frequencies from the expectations.
| Traits | Classes |
Regions |
Chi-square (X2) |
Altitudes |
Chi-square (X2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oromia | Amhara | Tigray | SNNP | ≤2000 | 2001–2500 | 2501–3000 | ≥3001 | ||||
| StP | 1 | 90.9 | 74.1 | 20.0 | 85.7 | 149∗∗ | 63.6 | 65.5 | 73.3 | 86.7 | 63.5∗∗ |
| 2 | 4.5 | 22.2 | 53.3 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 31.0 | 16.7 | 13.3 | |||
| 3 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 26.7 | 4.8 | 27.3 | 3.4 | 10.0 | 0.0 | |||
| LfC | 1 | 45.5 | 48.1 | 66.7 | 52.4 | 28.4∗∗ | 63.6 | 58.6 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 40.6∗∗ |
| 2 | 45.5 | 51.9 | 33.3 | 38.1 | 27.3 | 34.5 | 46.7 | 66.7 | |||
| 3 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 0.0 | |||
| GlH | 1 | 86.4 | 81.5 | 73.3 | 71.4 | 8.6∗ | 54.5 | 75.9 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 60∗∗ |
| 2 | 13.6 | 18.5 | 26.7 | 28.6 | 45.5 | 24.1 | 20.0 | 0.0 | |||
| StBr | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 |
| 2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||
| AwC | 1 | 95.5 | 85.2 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 45∗∗ | 90.9 | 75.9 | 76.7 | 86.7 | 50∗∗ |
| 2 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 4 | 4.5 | 7.4 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 16.7 | 6.7 | |||
| 5 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |||
| SpDs | 3 | 9.1 | 22.2 | 40.0 | 33.3 | 40.4∗∗ | 54.5 | 27.6 | 13.3 | 20.0 | 48.7∗ |
| 5 | 63.3 | 66.7 | 53.33 | 47.6 | 36.4 | 58.6 | 66.7 | 60.0 | |||
| 7 | 27.3 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 19.0 | 9.1 | 13.8 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |||
| GlC | 1 | 50.0 | 44.4 | 60.0 | 57.1 | 23.8∗∗ | 63.6 | 44.8 | 43.3 | 73.3 | 45∗∗ |
| 2 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 5 | 40.9 | 55.6 | 40.0 | 38.1 | 27.3 | 55.2 | 50.0 | 26.7 | |||
| GlCM | 1 | 77.3 | 59.3 | 86.7 | 66.7 | 57∗∗ | 72.7 | 62.1 | 76.7 | 73.3 | 74.4∗∗ |
| 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 4 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 6.7 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 26.7 | |||
| 5 | 13.6 | 25.9 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 27.3 | 24.1 | 6.7 | 0.0 | |||
| 6 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 | |||
| LmC | 1 | 54.5 | 37.0 | 66.7 | 52.4 | 70.1∗∗ | 54.5 | 44.8 | 46.7 | 66.7 | 87.6∗∗ |
| 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 36.4 | 59.3 | 33.3 | 42.9 | 27.3 | 55.2 | 50.0 | 26.7 | |||
| 4 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |||
| 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 6 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 | |||
| 7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| LmCM | 1 | 50.0 | 48.4 | 38.0 | 52.4 | 117.2∗∗ | 27.3 | 37.9 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 118∗∗ |
| 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 4.5 | 21.0 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 27.3 | 17.2 | 10.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 4 | 4.5 | 15.8 | 6.7 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 26.7 | |||
| 5 | 22.7 | 14.8 | 33.3 | 9.5 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 13.3 | 6.7 | |||
| 6 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 0.0 | |||
| 7 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |||
| KrRw | 1 | 18.2 | 37.0 | 80.0 | 47.0 | 97.8∗∗ | 63.6 | 58.6 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 79.1∗∗ |
| 3 | 18.2 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 16.7 | 0.0 | |||
| 5 | 63.6 | 55.6 | 13.3 | 52.4 | 36.4 | 34.5 | 56.7 | 73.3 | |||
| LmAB | 3 | 81.8 | 81.5 | 80.0 | 57.1 | 23.1∗∗ | 72.7 | 72.4 | 73.3 | 86.7 | 8.1∗∗ |
| 5 | 18.2 | 18.5 | 20.0 | 42.9 | 27.3 | 27.6 | 26.7 | 13.3 | |||
| 7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| LmA | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 |
| 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||
| 4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| BkLn | 1 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 46.3∗∗ | 0.0 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 60.1∗∗ |
| 2 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 27.3 | 33.3 | 46.7 | 42.9 | 27.3 | 41.4 | 26.7 | 53.3 | |||
| 4 | 59.1 | 51.9 | 26.7 | 47.6 | 45.5 | 44.8 | 60.0 | 33.3 | |||
| 5 | 9.1 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 6.7 | |||
| BkSh | 1 | 18.2 | 40.7 | 40.0 | 28.6 | 19.4∗ | 36.4 | 37.9 | 23.3 | 33.3 | 22.8∗∗ |
| 2 | 63.6 | 44.4 | 40.0 | 47.6 | 45.5 | 41.4 | 56.7 | 53.3 | |||
| 3 | 18.2 | 14.8 | 20.0 | 23.8 | 18.2 | 20.7 | 20.0 | 13.3 | |||
| 4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| KrSh | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45∗∗ | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.8∗∗ |
| 2 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 3.3 | 6.7 | |||
| 3 | 59.1 | 44.4 | 53.3 | 52.4 | 36.4 | 44.8 | 63.7 | 53.3 | |||
| 4 | 36.4 | 51.9 | 26.7 | 47.6 | 63.5 | 44.8 | 33.1 | 40.0 | |||
| KrC | 1 | 54.5 | 40.7 | 26.7 | 57.1 | 132.5∗∗ | 36.4 | 34.5 | 56.7 | 53.3 | 114.8∗∗ |
| 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 3 | 4.5 | 22.2 | 20.0 | 4.8 | 27.3 | 17.2 | 10.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 4 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 6.7 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 26.7 | |||
| 5 | 18.2 | 14.8 | 33.3 | 4.8 | 18.2 | 24.1 | 13.3 | 6.7 | |||
| 6 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |||
| 7 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 0.0 | |||
| 8 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |||
Abbreviations: StP = Stem pigmentation, LfC = Leaf colour, GlH = Glume hairiness, StBr = Stem branching, AwC = Awn colour, SpDs = Spike density, GlC = Glume colour at hard dough stage, GlCM = Glume colour at physiological maturity stage, LmC = Lemma colour at hard dough stage and LmCM = Lemma colour at physiological maturity stage. KrRw = Kernel rows, LmAB = Lemma awn barbs, LmA = Lemma awn, BkLn = Beak length, BkSh = Beak shape, KrSh = Kernel shape and KrC = Kernel colour. ∗∗, significant at the 1% level; ∗ significant at the 5 % level; n.s, not significant.