Table 3.
Trends of the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D <25, 25–50, 50–75, and >75 nmol/L in the United States from 2001 to 2018.
| Total | Males | Females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Sample size | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Sample size | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | |
| 25(OH)D <25 nmol/l | |||||||||
| Total | 71,685 | 2.6% | (2.5%, 2.7%) | 35,306 | 2.1% | (2.0%, 2.3%) | 36,379 | 3.2% | (3.0%, 3.4%) |
| 2001–2002 | 7,807 | 2.2% | (1.9%, 2.6%) | 3,782 | 1.3% | (1.0%, 1.7%) | 4,025 | 3.1% | (2.6%, 3.7%) |
| 2003–2004 | 8,294 | 3.9% | (3.5%, 4.3%) | 4,095 | 2.5% | (2.1%, 3.0%) | 4,199 | 5.3% | (4.7%, 6.0%) |
| 2005–2006 | 8,306 | 1.6% | (1.4%, 1.9%) | 4,048 | 1.3% | (1.0%, 1.7%) | 4,258 | 2.0% | (1.6%, 2.5%) |
| 2007–2008 | 6,950 | 3.1% | (2.7%, 3.5%) | 3,481 | 2.4% | (2.0%, 3.0%) | 3,469 | 3.7% | (3.1%, 4.4%) |
| 2009–2010 | 8,700 | 3.0% | (2.7%, 3.4%) | 4,321 | 2.3% | (1.9%, 2.8%) | 4,379 | 3.7% | (3.2%, 4.3%) |
| 2011–2012 | 7,743 | 2.5% | (2.2%, 2.9%) | 3,879 | 2.4% | (2.0%, 2.9%) | 3,864 | 2.6% | (2.1%, 3.1%) |
| 2013–2014 | 8,437 | 2.6% | (2.3%, 3.0%) | 4,134 | 2.4% | (2.0%, 2.9%) | 4,303 | 2.9% | (2.4%, 3.4%) |
| 2015–2016 | 8,039 | 2.3% | (2.0%, 2.7%) | 3,956 | 2.2% | (1.8%, 2.7%) | 4,083 | 2.5% | (2.1%, 3.0%) |
| 2017–2018 | 7,409 | 2.5% | (2.2%, 2.9%) | 3,610 | 2.2% | (1.8%, 2.7%) | 3,799 | 2.8% | (2.3%, 3.4%) |
| Trend |
P = 0.698 β = −0.037 |
P = 0.196 β = 0.082 |
P = 2.259 β = −0.148 |
||||||
| 25 <25(OH)D <50 nmol/l | |||||||||
| Total | 71,685 | 22.0% | (21.7%, 22.3%) | 35,306 | 21.5% | (21.1%, 22.0%) | 36,379 | 23.4% | (22.9%, 23.9%) |
| 2001–2002 | 7,807 | 25.7% | (24.7%, 26.7%) | 3,782 | 23.2% | (21.9%, 24.6%) | 4,025 | 28.1% | (26.7%, 29.5%) |
| 2003–2004 | 8,294 | 23.5% | (22.6%, 24.4%) | 4,095 | 21.6% | (20.4%, 22.9%) | 4,199 | 25.3% | (24.0%, 26.6%) |
| 2005–2006 | 8,306 | 27.7% | (26.8%, 28.7%) | 4,048 | 26.2% | (24.9%, 27.6%) | 4,258 | 29.1% | (27.8%, 30.5%) |
| 2007–2008 | 6,950 | 20.8% | (19.9%, 21.8%) | 3,481 | 19.4% | (18.1%, 20.7%) | 3,469 | 22.2% | (20.9%, 23.6%) |
| 2009–2010 | 8,700 | 20.9% | (20.1%, 21.8%) | 4,321 | 19.7% | (18.5%, 20.9%) | 4,379 | 22.0% | (20.8%, 23.2%) |
| 2011–2012 | 7,743 | 20.9% | (20.0%, 21.8%) | 3,879 | 20.5% | (19.3%, 21.8%) | 3,864 | 21.4% | (20.1%, 22.7%) |
| 2013–2014 | 8,437 | 20.6% | (19.8%, 21.5%) | 4,134 | 21.4% | (20.2%, 22.7%) | 4,303 | 19.8% | (18.6%, 21.0%) |
| 2015–2016 | 8,039 | 20.2% | (19.3%, 21.1%) | 3,956 | 20.0% | (18.8%, 21.3%) | 4,083 | 20.4% | (19.2%, 21.7%) |
| 2017–2018 | 7,409 | 19.0% | (18.1%, 19.9%) | 3,610 | 19.6% | (18.4%, 20.9%) | 3,799 | 18.3% | (17.1%, 19.6%) |
| Trend |
P = 0.009 β = −0.847 |
P = 0.108 β = −0.426 |
P =0.001 β = −1.222 |
||||||
| 50 <25(OH)D <75 nmol/l | |||||||||
| Total | 71,685 | 40.9% | (40.5%, 41.3%) | 35,306 | 44.7% | (44.2%, 45.3%) | 36,379 | 37.8% | (37.3%, 38.3%) |
| 2001–2002 | 7,807 | 45.1% | (44.0%, 46.2%) | 3,782 | 48.0% | (46.4%, 49.6%) | 4,025 | 42.3% | (40.8%, 43.8%) |
| 2003–2004 | 8,294 | 42.4% | (41.3%, 43.5%) | 4,095 | 45.3% | (43.8%, 46.8%) | 4,199 | 39.7% | (38.2%, 41.2%) |
| 2005–2006 | 8,306 | 45.7% | (44.6%, 46.8%) | 4,048 | 47.9% | (46.4%, 49.4%) | 4,258 | 43.6% | (42.1%, 45.1%) |
| 2007–2008 | 6,950 | 39.9% | (38.8%, 41.1%) | 3,481 | 44.7% | (43.1%, 46.4%) | 3,469 | 35.3% | (33.7%, 36.9%) |
| 2009–2010 | 8,700 | 39.6% | (38.6%, 40.6%) | 4,321 | 44.3% | (42.8%, 45.8%) | 4,379 | 35.1% | (33.7%, 36.5%) |
| 2011–2012 | 7,743 | 37.6% | (36.5%, 38.7%) | 3,879 | 40.3% | (38.8%, 41.8%) | 3,864 | 35.0% | (33.5%, 36.5%) |
| 2013–2014 | 8,437 | 40.7% | (39.7%, 41.8%) | 4,134 | 44.6% | (43.1%, 46.1%) | 4,303 | 37.0% | (35.6%, 38.5%) |
| 2015–2016 | 8,039 | 39.1% | (38.0%, 40.2%) | 3,956 | 43.2% | (41.7%, 44.8%) | 4,083 | 35.1% | (33.7%, 36.6%) |
| 2017–2018 | 7,409 | 38.5% | (37.4%, 39.6%) | 3,610 | 42.1% | (40.5%, 43.7%) | 3,799 | 35.2% | (33.7%, 36.7%) |
| Trend |
P = 0.014 β= −0.810 |
P = 0.020 β = −0.682 |
P = 0.021 β = −0.928 |
||||||
| 25(OH)D >75 nmol/l | |||||||||
| Total | 71,685 | 34.5% | (33.2%, 34.9%) | 35,306 | 31.7% | (31.2%, 32.2%) | 36,379 | 35.6% | (35.1%, 36.1%) |
| 2001–2002 | 7,807 | 27.0% | (26.0%, 28.0%) | 3,782 | 27.5% | (26.1%, 29.0%) | 4,025 | 26.5% | (25.2%, 27.9%) |
| 2003–2004 | 8,294 | 30.2% | (29.2%, 31.2%) | 4,095 | 30.7% | (29.3%, 32.1%) | 4,199 | 29.7% | (28.3%, 31.1%) |
| 2005–2006 | 8,306 | 25.0% | (24.1%, 26.0%) | 4,048 | 24.6% | (23.3%, 26.0%) | 4,258 | 25.3% | (24.0%, 26.6%) |
| 2007–2008 | 6,950 | 36.2% | (35.1%, 37.3%) | 3,481 | 33.5% | (32.0%, 35.1%) | 3,469 | 38.8% | (37.2%, 40.4%) |
| 2009–2010 | 8,700 | 36.4% | (35.4%, 37.4%) | 4,321 | 33.7% | (32.3%, 35.1%) | 4,379 | 39.1% | (37.7%, 40.6%) |
| 2011–2012 | 7,743 | 39.0% | (37.9%, 40.1%) | 3,879 | 36.9% | (35.4%, 38.4%) | 3,864 | 41.1% | (39.6%, 42.7%) |
| 2013–2014 | 8,437 | 36.1% | (35.1%, 37.1%) | 4,134 | 31.6% | (30.2%, 33.0%) | 4,303 | 40.4% | (38.9%, 41.9%) |
| 2015–2016 | 8,039 | 38.4% | (37.3%, 39.5%) | 3,956 | 34.6% | (33.1%, 36.1%) | 4,083 | 42.1% | (40.6%, 43.6%) |
| 2017–2018 | 7,409 | 40.0% | (38.9%, 41.1%) | 3,610 | 36.0% | (34.5%, 37.6%) | 3,799 | 43.7% | (42.1%, 45.3%) |
| Trend |
P = 0.004 β = 1.693 |
P = 0.029 β = 1.052 |
P = 0.001 β = 2.308 |
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A linear trend test was used to identify trends in vitamin D status in Americans from 2001 to 2018. MEC weights were used. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. β-regression coefficient, unit = % per cycle. MEC, Mobile Examination Center.