Table 4.
The results of the predictors of vitamin D deficiency by weighted linear regression modeling.
| 25(OH)D level<25 nmol/L | 25(OH)D level<50 nmol/L | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P | |
| Sex (vs. men) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Women | 1.39 | (1.26, 1.52) | <0.01 | 1.17 | (1.13, 1.22) | <0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity (vs. non-Hispanic white) | [Reference] | |||||
| Mexican American | 1.81 | (1.53, 2.14) | <0.01 | 2.55 | (2.41, 2.69) | <0.01 |
| Other Hispanics | 1.73 | (1.38, 2.16) | <0.01 | 2.12 | (1.98, 2.28) | <0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 8.59 | (7.48, 9.86) | <0.01 | 7.16 | (6.80, 7.55) | <0.01 |
| Other race | 2.93 | (2.40, 3.57) | <0.01 | 3.06 | (2.86, 3.29) | <0.01 |
| Age (vs. <18) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| 18–44 | 3.06 | (2.53, 3.71) | <0.01 | 2.36 | (1.86, 2.28) | <0.01 |
| 45–65 | 2.51 | (2.00, 3.14) | <0.01 | 1.71 | (0.88, 1.18) | <0.01 |
| >65 | 2.32 | (1.80, 3.00) | <0.01 | 1.45 | (0.51, 0.75) | <0.01 |
| Education (vs. high school degree and below) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| College degree and above | 0.89 | (0.80, 0.99) | 0.03 | 0.88 | (0.85, 0.93) | <0.01 |
| PIR (vs. <1.3) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| 1.3–3.5 | 0.89 | (0.80, 0.98) | 0.02 | 0.93 | (0.89, 0.97) | <0.01 |
| >3.5 | 0.68 | (0.60, 0.77) | <0.01 | 0.74 | (0.70, 0.78) | <0.01 |
| Sun-protective behaviors | ||||||
| Staying in the shade (vs. Rare) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Sometimes | 1.15 | (0.94, 1.40) | 0.17 | 1.12 | (1.02, 1.22) | 0.01 |
| Frequent | 1.44 | (1.19, 1.75) | <0.01 | 1.46 | (1.34, 1.60) | <0.01 |
| Wearing long sleeves (vs. Rare) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Sometimes | 1.05 | (0.88, 1.26) | 0.56 | 1.10 | (1.02, 1.21) | 0.01 |
| Frequent | 1.43 | (1.16, 1.77) | <0.01 | 1.17 | (1.05, 1.30) | <0.01 |
| Using sunscreen (vs. Rare) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Sometimes | 0.71 | (0.57, 0.89) | <0.01 | 0.77 | (0.70, 0.84) | <0.01 |
| Frequent | 0.65 | (0.51, 0.82) | <0.01 | 0.74 | (0.67, 0.81) | <0.01 |
| Season (vs. Summer) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Winter | 2.08 | (1.89, 2.26) | <0.01 | 0.56 | (0.54, 0.59) | <0.01 |
| Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year? (vs. yes) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| No | 0.83 | (0.74, 0.93) | <0.01 | 0.91 | (0.87, 0.96) | <0.01 |
| Smoke at least 100 cigarettes in life (vs. yes) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| No | 1.02 | (0.91, 1.15) | 0.69 | 1.17 | (1.10, 1.24) | <0.01 |
| Physical activity (vs. Rare) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Sometimes | 0.77 | (0.35, 1.69) | 0.52 | 0.84 | (0.62, 1.14) | 0.26 |
| Regular | 0.57 | (0.27, 1.21) | 0.14 | 0.58 | (0.43, 0.76) | <0.01 |
| BMI (vs. <18.5) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| 18.5–25 | 2.21 | (1.82, 2.69) | <0.01 | 2.21 | (1.82, 2.69) | <0.01 |
| >25 | 3.03 | (2.49, 3.68) | <0.01 | 3.03 | (2.49, 3.68) | <0.01 |
| Milk consumption (vs. Rare) | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
| Sometimes | 0.77 | (0.69, 0.88) | <0.01 | 0.84 | (0.79, 0.90) | <0.01 |
| Regular | 0.44 | (0.38, 0.50) | <0.01 | 0.65 | (0.61, 0.69) | <0.01 |
MEC weights were used. Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, PIR, drinking behavior, sun-protective behaviors, season, drinking behavior, smoking behavior, physical activity, and milk consumption. MEC, mobile examination center; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index.