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. 2022 Oct 3;13:1002674. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002674

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Copyright © 2022 Singh, Singh and Gaur

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Challenges and current solutions to probiotic oral vaccines. Genetic stability and enhanced host colonization are major innovative strategies to overcome the challenges faced by probiotic vaccines. Genetic stability includes the insertion of heterologous genes in the bacterial chromosomes, adoption of CRISPR-Cas system, as well as Phage-Mu transposition system. Enhanced host colonization is achieved by enhancing acid tolerance capacity of probiotics, encapsulating probiotic cells, and supplementing probiotic cells with prebiotics and dietary fibers.