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. 2022 Oct 3;13:961198. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961198

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Copyright © 2022 Chavda, Yao, Vora, Apostolopoulos, Patel, Bezbaruah, Patel and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune reaction after vaccination. After intramuscular (IM), intradermal (ID) or subcutaneous (SC) vaccine delivery, dermal dendritic cells (DCs) take up antigens and migrate to draining lymph nodes to stimulate T cells (CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells). Plasma cells secrete antibodies and memory B cells. CD8+ T cells can be stimulated by Th1 cytokines and in turn acquire the ability to attack the infected cells. However, imbalanced immune responses have the potential to cause pulmonary immunopathology, partially due to an aberrant Th2 response or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Created with BioRender.com.