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Direct, indirect, and total effects of the spatial Durbin model.
| Variable | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| lnpgdp | −0.7022*** (−3.68) | 1.1840*** (4.10) | 0.4818 (1.49) |
| lnfiscal | −0.2856*** (−3.17) | −0.4215** (-2.58) | −0.7072*** (−4.05) |
| lnurban | −0.1785 (−1.02) | −0.2546 (−0.78) | −0.4331 (−1.19) |
| lnedu | −0.0289 (−0.73) | −0.0923 (−1.16) | −0.1212 (−1.39) |
| lndepend | 0.2505*** (3.60) | 0.3039** (2.42) | 0.5544*** (4.02) |
