Table 3.
Studies characteristics—chronic exercise training
| Reference | Nº of subjects (♂/♀) | Characteristics of subjects | Exercise training protocol | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise protocol | Duration of protocol | Intensity | Duration of session | Frequency | Exercise environment | Variable of infection | Result | |||
| Blume et al. [3] |
274 (175/99) |
Young athletes (cross-country skiing, cycling, figure skating, gymnastics, high diving, soccer, speed skating, swimming, tennis and volleyball) |
– | 2010–2014 | – | – | 14.9 ± 5.6 h weekly | – | URTI | 30,7% |
| Borges et al. [4] |
12 (6/6) |
Elite kayakers | Kayaking (60–140 km/week), running (20–35 km/week), swimming (4–6 km/week), strength (90–140 tons/week) and calisthenics (100–220 min/week) | November to June | – | – | – | – | URTI | 9 episodes |
| Brisola et al. [8] |
20 (0/20) |
Young female water polo players | First session of the day was only for dry and training and second session of the day included swimming routine and specific water polo exercises | January to April of the competitive season | – |
General cycle: 118.6 ± 27.0 min Specific cycle: 118.8 ± 17.0 min Competitive cycle: 109.9 ± 13.6 min |
6 times a week with 2 daily sessions | – | URTI |
General cycle: 4.00 ± 2.0 a.u* Specific cycle: 2.00 ± 1.2 a.u Competitive cycle: 2.00 ± 1.3 a.u |
| Broadbent et al. [9] |
15 (15/0) |
Ironman triathletes |
3–4 swim sessions per week (12–16 km) 3–4 cycle sessions per week (300–400 km) 3–5 run sessions per week (60–90 km) |
12 months | – | – | 9–13 sessions per week | – | URTI | 2 episodes |
| Brunelli et al. [10] |
11 (11/0) |
Adolescent basketball athletes | Technical and functional skills according to the objectives of training | 20 weeks | – | 98.7 ± 4.5 min | Three weekly sessions | – | URTI |
Preparatory period: 28,8% Competitive period: 61,7%* |
| Fahlman et al. (1) [16] |
75 (75/0) |
University football team | – | 12 months | Moderate | – | – | – | URTI |
Pre: 6% Post: 59% |
| Fahlman et al. (2) [16] |
75 (75/0) |
University football team | – | 12 months | Moderate | – | – | – |
IgA to protein (µg mg−1) |
Pre: 96 ± 7 Post: 92 ± 10 |
| Fahlman et al. (3) [16] |
75 (75/0) |
University football team | – | 12 months | Moderate | – | – | – | IgA to osmolality (mg mOsmol−1) |
Pre: 2.8 ± 0.8 Post: 1.9 ± 1.8 |
| Fahlman et al. (4) [16] |
75 (75/0) |
University football team | – | 12 months | Moderate | – | – | – |
Secretion rate of sIgA (µg min−1) |
Pre: 54.9 ± 1.3 Post: 38.3 ± 1.5 |
| Filaire et al. (1) [17] |
20 (20/0) |
Professional football players | Running (70–75% VO2max), physical training, and technical training sessions | 12 months | High intensity | 27 h a week | – | – | IgA |
Pre: 2.3 ± 0.2 Post: 2.3 ± 0.1 |
| Filaire et al. (2) [17] |
20 (20/0) |
Professional football players | Running (70–75% VO2max), physical training, and technical training sessions | 12 months | High intensity | 27 h a week | – | – | IgG |
Pre: 11.9 ± 0.4 Post: 11.8 ± 0.2 |
| Gleeson et al. (1) [19] |
26 (11/15) |
Elite swimmers | 20–25 h of training in the pool and 5 h of training on dry land per week | 6 months (April to October) | High intensity | 6 h/day | – | – | Serum IgA |
Athletes: 1.51 ± 1.39 Control: 1.73 ± 1.62* |
| Gleeson et al. (2) [19] |
26 (11/15) |
Elite swimmers | 20–25 h of training in the pool and 5 h of training on dry land per week | 6 months (April to October) | High intensity | 6 h/day | – | – | Serum IgG |
Athletes: 10.28 ± 1.26 Control: 10.80 ± 1.21* |
| Gomez-Merino et al. [24] |
21 (21/0) |
Cadets |
1 week – sea phase 2 and 3 week – mountain phase 5 days combat course – rough terrain |
3 weeks of training and 5 days combat course | High | – | – | 12 – 25 °C | URTI | 14 episodes |
| Ihalainen et al. [29] |
25 (25/0) |
Recreational male endurance runners | Running | 12 weeks |
1 to 2 incremental run: 65–85% HRmax, 1 long run: 60–65% HRmax 1 interval run: 80–85%HRmax 1 to 2 light run: 60–65% HRmax |
1 to 2 incremental run: 35 – 45 min 1 long run: 70 – 120 min 1 interval run: 20 – 25 min 1 to 2 light run 35 – 40 min |
4–6 sessions/week | Average temperature: –7 to –1 °C | URTI | 13 episodes |
| Mackinnon et al. [39] |
24 (8/16) |
Elite swimmers | Intensified training | 4 weeks | > 80% HRmax | – |
6 x/week 2x /day |
– | URTI | 10 episodes |
| Moreira et al. (1) [45] |
15 (15/0) |
Basketball players under-19 | – | – | – | 90–120 min |
5 x/week 2x /day |
– | sIgA (µg ml−1) |
Pre: 587 ± 94 Post: 720 ± 153 |
| Moreira et al. (2) [45] |
15 (15/0) |
Basketball players under-19 | – | – | – | 90–120 min |
5 x/week 2x /day |
– | sIgA secretion rate (µg min−1) |
Pre: 106 ± 20 Post: 92 ± 21* |
| Martins et al. (1) [41] |
21 (8/13) |
Elderly | Aerobic exercise training | 16 weeks | 40 – 85% HRR | 45 min | 3x/week | – | sIgA (mg dL−1) |
Pre: 8.40 ± 7.09 Post: 6.25 ± 4.25 |
| Martins et al. (2) [41] |
21 (8/13) |
Elderly | Aerobic exercise training | 16 weeks | 40 – 85% HRR | 45 min | 3x/week | – | IgA (g L−1) |
Pre: 1.08 ± 0.51 Post: 2.40 ± 0.86* |
| Martins et al. (3) [41] |
21 (8/13) |
Elderly | Aerobic exercise training | 16 weeks | 40 – 85% HRR | 45 min | 3x/week | – | IgG (g L−1) |
Pre: 4.95 ± 2.09 Post: 12.44 ± 2.91* |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al., 2000 (1) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | Days with URTI symptoms |
Rowers: 5.2 ± 1.2 Nonathletes: 3.3 ± 1.1 |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (2) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | sIgG (µg ml−1) |
Rowers: 14.7 ± 1.9 Nonathletes: 11.4 ± 1.6 |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (3) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | Saliva protein IgA concentration (µg mg1) |
Rowers: 425 ± 20 Nonathletes: 409 ± 96 |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (4) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | Saliva protein IgG concentration (µg mg1) |
Rowers: 15.4 ± 1.6 Nonathletes: 21.6 ± 6.7 |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (5) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | sIgA secretion rate (µg min−1) |
Rowers: 63.0 ± 12.3 Nonathletes: 47.1 ± 7.6 |
| Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (6) [48] |
20 (0/20) |
Elite rowers | – | – | – | 90–120 min training/week | – | – | sIgG secretion rate (µg min−1) |
Rowers: 2.3 ± 0.5 Nonathletes: 2.7 ± 0.5 |
| Nieman et al. [56] |
32 (0/32) |
Healthy elderly women | Walking | 12 weeks | 60% heart rate reserve | 30–40 min | 5 days /week | – | URTI |
Calisthenic: 8/16 (50%) Walking: 3/14 (21%) Highly conditioned: 1/12 (8,3%)* |
| Nieman et al. [57] |
39 (0/39) |
Elite female rowers | Rower | – | – | 90–120 min | 12–13 sessions/week | – | URTI days |
Rowers: 5.2 ± 1.2 Nonathletes: 3.3 ± 1.1 |
| Novas et al. (1) [60] |
17 (0/17) |
Female tennis player | – | 12 weeks | – | 104 ± 32 min | – | – | IgA (µg ml−1) |
Pre: 395 ± 223 Post: 398 ± 211 |
| Novas et al. (2) [60] |
17 (0/17) |
Female tennis player | – | 12 weeks | – | 104 ± 32 min | – | – | sIgA rate (µg min−1) |
Pre: 287 ± 165 Post: 222 ± 152* |
| Novas et al. (3) [60] |
17 (0/17) |
Female tennis player | – | 12 weeks | – | 104 ± 32 min | – | – | URTI episodes | 1.5 ± 1.4 |
| Novas et al. (4) [60] |
17 (0/17) |
Female tennis player | – | 12 weeks | – | 104 ± 32 min | – | – | URTI days | 10 ± 10.3 |
| Orysiak et al. (1) [61] |
12 (12/0) |
Young ice hockey players | Strength training, training on ice and friendly match | 17 days | – | – | – | – | URTI |
Training camp 42% During the tournament 0% After the World Championship 8% |
| Orysiak et al. (2) [61] |
12 (12/0) |
Young ice hockey players | Strength training, training on ice and friendly match | 17 days | – | – | – | – | sIgA concentration (g/ml) |
Pre: 116.17 ± 51.66 Post: 122.84 ± 82.67 |
| Orysiak et al. (3) [61] |
12 (12/0) |
Young ice hockey players | Strength training, training on ice and friendly match | 17 days | – | – | – | – | sIgA secretion rate (µg/min) |
Pre: 84.93 ± 32.30 Post: 73.69 ± 45.75 |
| Rama et al. [70] |
19 (13/6) |
Elite swimmers | – | 29 weeks | – | – | 8–11 sessions/week | – | URTI | 31 episodes |
| Tiollier et al. (1) [79] |
21 (21/0) |
Male cadets from the French Military | – | 3 weeks of commando training followed by a 5-day combat course | – | – | – |
Minimum temperature: 1 – 12.7 °C, maximum temperature: 7 – 27.2 °C |
URTI | 14 episodes |
| Tiollier et al. (2) [79] |
21 (21/0) |
Male cadets from the French Military | – | 3 weeks of commando training followed by a 5-day combat course | – | – | – |
Minimum temperature: 1 – 12.7 °C, maximum temperature: 7 – 27.2 °C |
IgA |
Pre: 113 ± 11 Post: 120 ± 14 |
| Whitham et al. (1) [81] | 14 | PARA recruits | 10- and 20-mile foot races carrying a 35-lb bergan and weapon, a 1.8-mile log race in teams of six to nine, and a 5-mile stretcher race | 19 weeks | – | – | – | Ambient temperatures of > 25 °C | URTI | 4.1 ± 0.3 |
| Whitham et al. (2) [81] | 14 | PARA recruits | 10- and 20-mile foot races carrying a 35-lb bergan and weapon, a 1.8-mile log race in teams of six to nine, and a 5-mile stretcher race | 19 weeks | – | – | – | Ambient temperatures of > 25 °C | sIgA concentration (mg/L) |
Pre: 66 ± 15 Post: 347 ± 79 |
| Whitham et al. (3) [81] | 14 | PARA recruits | 10- and 20-mile foot races carrying a 35-lb bergan and weapon, a 1.8-mile log race in teams of six to nine, and a 5-mile stretcher race | 19 weeks | – | – | – | Ambient temperatures of > 25 °C | sIgA secretion rate (µg/min) |
Pre: 14 ± 3 Post: 27 ± 6 |
♂, male; ♀, female. HRmax maximum heart rate, HRR heart rate reserve. Results showed as mean values and standard deviations
*Statistical difference