Table 1.
Participant demographics and clinical characteristics
| Variable | Children with aggressive behavior, n = 101 | Typically developing healthy controls, n = 32 | Total sample, N = 133 | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 11.8 (2.2) | 12.7 (1.9) | 11.9 (2.1) | 0.03b |
| Male, % | 72.3 | 59.4 | 69.2 | 0.19 |
| Mean IQc (SD) | 107 (13.9) | 112 (12.3) | 107.7 (13.7) | 0.07 |
| Race, % | 0.37 | |||
| White | 77.2 | 65.6 | 74.4 | |
| Black | 11.9 | 21.9 | 14.3 | |
| American Indian/Alaska native | 1.5 | 0 | 1.5 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.0 | 0 | 1.5 | |
| Other/more than one race | 6.9 | 12.5 | 8.3 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.48 | |||
| Hispanic | 15.8 | 12.5 | 15.0 | |
| Non-Hispanic | 84.2 | 87.5 | 85.0 | |
| Mean CBCL aggressive behavior T-score (SD) | 75.2 (7.5) | 50.9 (2.5) | 69.4 (12.3) | <0.001d |
| Mean ICU score (SD) | 33.2 (9.6) | 14.8 (6.4) | 28.7 (11.9) | <0.001d |
| Mean SRS-2 SCI T-score | 65.4 (11.3) | 45.4 (8.6) | 60.7 (13.7) | <0.001d |
| DSM-5 diagnosese (n, %) | ||||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 81 (80.2) | |||
| Conduct disorder | 12 (11.9) | |||
| DBD-NOS | 3 (3) | |||
| DMDD | 16 (15.8) | |||
| ASD | 18 (17.8) | |||
| ADHD | 77 (76.2) | |||
| Anxiety disorder | 26 (25.7) | |||
| Depressive disorder | 4 (4) | |||
| Medication (n, %) | 47 (46.5) | |||
| Type of medication (n, %) | ||||
| Stimulants | 32 (31.7) | |||
| Nonstimulants | 20 (19.8) | |||
| Antidepressant | 13 (12.9) | |||
| Neuroleptics | 13 (12.9) | |||
| Mood stabilizers | 4 (4) | |||
| Benzodiazepines | 2 (2) | |||
Notes: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; DMDD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; HC, healthy controls; ICU, Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits; SRS-2 SCI, Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2) Social Communication and Interaction subscale score (SCI).
aSignificant group differences at P < 0.05 using Chi-square test for categorical variables or independent samples T-test.
bHC > Aggressive Behavior group.
cFull-scale IQ measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler 1997).
dAggressive Behavior group > HC.
eFollowing DSM-5, oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis was not assigned to children who met criteria for DMDD.