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. 2022 Oct 3;13:985478. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985478

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Copyright © 2022 Desikan, Linderman, Davis, Zarnitsyna, Ahmed and Antia

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The model predicts (left) antibody responses to CoV-2 following vaccination and infection (right). (A) Immunization of mice with 2 doses of either the WU- or the OM-vaccine. High antibody titers to a given antigen (WU or OM) requires 2 vaccinations with that antigen. (B) Antibody titers saturate following repeated immunization or infection. Left panel: Simulations of repeated immunizations with the WU-vaccine at times indicated by the yellow triangles. The antibody response to the WU-virus increases substantially after the first two vaccinations. Further boosts with the same vaccine results in little further increases in the titer of antibody. Center panel: data for the virus titer in naive (grey) and CoV-2 infected and recovered (black) individuals following two doses of the WU-vaccine. The titer of antibodies in recovered individuals saturates after a single vaccination, while that in naive individuals is boosted by the second vaccination. Right panel: antibody titers following four doses of the WU-vaccine shows plateauing after vaccination #3. (C) Two stimulations with the WU-antigen enhance the subsequent responses to OM (following OM stimulation).