Table 3.
Summary of in vitro laboratory testing of probiotics to reduce GBS.
| Author, year | Probiotic bacteriatested | GBS isolatestested | Antagonist activityagainst GBS | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marziali et al., 2019 | 14 Lactobacillus strains: • 7 strains of L. crispatus (BC1, BC3-BC8) • 5 strains of L. gasseri (BC9, BC10, BC12- BC14) • 2 strains of L. vaginalis (BC16, BC17). |
3 GBS strains: • derived from vaginal & peri-rectal swabs |
• L. crispatus (BC1, BC4, BC7, and BC8) cells or supernatants totally eradicated GBS in 60 minutes • L. crispatus BC6, L. gasseri (BC9, BC12-BC14) cells or supernatants inhibited GBS growth in 60 minutes • L. crispatus (BC3, BC5), L. gasseri (BC10), L. vaginalis (BC16, BC17) cells or supernatants had no activity against GBS or ↓ GBS viability in 60 minutes |
Acidification • pH<4.0 • pH <4.0-4.5 • pH≥4.5 |
| (Martiń et al., 2019) | 10 Lactobacillus salivarius strains (V3III-1, CECT 9145, V711-1, V711-62, V7IV-1; V7IV-60, V8III-62, V11I-60, V11IV-60, CELA2) | 4 GBS strains: • from vaginal exudates |
• L salivarius CECT 9145 cells showed best adherence to VEC, and was selected as most effective with 100% GBS eradication in 24 hours | Acidification: pH=4.01 (High lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide) Adherence |
| Patras et al., 2015 | 9 Streptococcus salivarius strains (K12, M18, Tove R, NR, 20P3, #5, MPS, P, CCHSS3) | 13 GBS strains: • ATCC • vaginally-derived |
• S. salivarius K12 and Tove R inhibited all 13 GBS strains (K12 was most effective) • S. salivarius K12 had good adherence to VEC. M18 showed little capacity to bind to VEC. • S. salivarius K12 and GBS decreased IL-8 levels in VEC compared to GBS alone |
Adherence Immune modulation Lower IL-8 levels |
| Ephraim et al., 2012 |
L. rhamnosus HN001Florajen3® • L. acidophilus NCFM • B. longum Bi05 • B. animalis subsp. lactis |
4 GBS strains: • ATCC • blood stream samples |
• L. rhamnosus HN001 significantly inhibited GBS strains 0191, 0192, 0193 (p<0.05) at 24 hours and 48 hours • Florajen3® significantly decreased 0192 by 5 logs (p<0.05); completely eliminated GBS 0191, the most hemolytic GBS isolate at 24 hours and 48 hours. |
Acidification pH not reported Adherence |
| (Zárate and Nader-Macias, 2006) | 4 Lactobacillus species: • L. acidophilis (CRL 1259) • L. crispatus (CRL 1266) • L. paracasei (CRL 1289) • L. salivarius (CRL 1328) |
Detail not provided • Urogenital origin |
• L. acidophilus (CRL 1259) significantly inhibited the adhesion of GBS to VEC (p<0.05) after 120 minutes. • L. acidophilus (CRL 1259) and L. paracasei (CRL 1289) significantly inhibited GBS after 120 minutes. • L. paracasei (CRL 1289) significantly displaced GBS from VEC (p<0.05) • L. crispatus (CRL 1266) & L. salivarius (CR 1328) not significant against GBS after 120 minutes. |
Adherence |
| (Marziali et al., 2019) | 14 Lactobacillus strains: • 7 strains of L. crispatus (BC1, BC3-BC8) • 5 strains of L. gasseri (BC9, BC10, BC12- BC14) • 2 strains of L. vaginalis (BC16, BC17). |
3 • derived from vaginal and peri-rectal swabs |
• L. crispatus (BC1, BC4, BC7, and BC8) cells or supernatants totally eradicated GBS in 60 minutes • L. crispatus BC6, L. gasseri (BC9, BC12-BC14) cells or supernatants inhibited GBS growth in 60 minutes • L. crispatus (BC3, BC5), L. gasseri (BC10), L. vaginalis (BC16, BC17) cells or supernatants had no activity against GBS or ↓ GBS viability in 60 minutes |
Acidification pH<4.0 pH<4.0-4.5 pH≥4.5 |
| (Martiń et al., 2019) | 10 Lactobacillus salivarius strains: (V3III-1, CECT 9145, V711-1, V711-62, V7IV-1; V7IV-60, V8III-62, V11I-60, V11IV-60, CELA2) | 4 • from vaginal exudates |
L salivarius CECT 9145 cells showed best adherence to VEC and was selected as most effective with 100% GBS eradication in 24 hours | AdherenceAcidification • pH=4.01 (High lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide) |
| Patras et al., 2015 | 9 Streptococcus salivarius strains: (K12, M18, Tove R, NR, 20P3, #5, MPS, P, CCHSS3) | 13 • ATCC • vaginally-dervied |
• S. salivarius K12 and Tove R inhibited all 13 GBS strains (K12 was most effective) • S. salivarius K12 had good adherence to VEC. M18 showed little capacity to bind to VEC. • S. salivarius K12 and GBS decreased IL-8 levels in VEC compared to GBS alone. |
InhibitionAdherenceImmune modulation • Lower IL-8 levels |
| Ephraim et al., 2012 | L. rhamnosus HN001 | 4 • ATCC • blood stream samples |
• L. rhamnosus HN001 significantly inhibited GBS strains 0191, 0192, 0193 (p<0.05) at 24 hours and 48 hours | CompetitionAcidification • pH not reported |
| Florajen3® • L. acidophilus NCFM • B. longum Bi05 • B. animalis subsp. lactis |
• Florajen3® significantly decreased 0192 by 5 logs (p<0.05); completely eliminated GBS 0191, the most hemolytic GBS isolate at 24 hours and 48 hours. | |||
| (Zárate and Nader-Macias, 2006) |
4 Lactobacillus species: • L. acidophilis (CRL 1259) • L. crispatus (CRL 1266) • L. paracasei (CRL 1289) • L. salivarius (CRL 1328) |
Detail not provided • urogenital origin |
• L. acidophilus (CRL 1259) significantly inhibited the adhesion of GBS to VEC (p<0.05) after 120 minutes. • L. acidophilus (CRL 1259) and L paracasei (CRL 1289) significantly inhibited GBS after 120 minutes. • L. paracasei (CRL 1289) significantly displaced GBS from VEC (p<0.05) • L. crispatus (CRL 1266) & L. salivarius (CR 1328) not significant against GBS after 120 minutes. |
• Exclusion • Competition • Displacement |
Notes: VEC = Vaginal epithelium cells