Table 1.
Number of Study Subjects and Baseline Serostatus, by Individual-, Household-, and Community-Level Covariates
| Covariate | Total (N = 2376) | Seronegative (%) (N = 342) | Seropositive (%) (N = 2034) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Level | ||||
| Age | 1–5 | 291 | 159 (55) | 132 (45) |
| 6–10 | 253 | 96 (38) | 157 (62) | |
| 11–15 | 169 | 40 (24) | 129 (76) | |
| 16–20 | 226 | 27 (12) | 199 (88) | |
| 21–25 | 210 | 12 (6) | 198 (94) | |
| 26–30 | 189 | 3 (2) | 186 (98) | |
| 31–35 | 154 | 1 (1) | 153 (99) | |
| 36–40 | 118 | 1 (1) | 117 (99) | |
| 41–45 | 108 | 0 (0) | 108 (100) | |
| 46–50 | 125 | 2 (2) | 123 (98) | |
| 51–55 | 156 | 0 (0) | 156 (100) | |
| 56–60 | 141 | 0 (0) | 141 (100) | |
| 61–65 | 97 | 0 (0) | 97 (100) | |
| 66–70 | 62 | 0 (0) | 62 (100) | |
| 71–75 | 37 | 0 (0) | 37 (100) | |
| 76–80 | 20 | 0 (0) | 20 (100) | |
| >80 | 20 | 1 (5) | 19 (95) | |
| Sex | Female | 1399 | 163 (12) | 1236 (88) |
| Male | 977 | 179 (18) | 798 (82) | |
| Occupation | Employed | 654 | 11 (2) | 643 (98) |
| Farmer | 560 | 10 (2) | 550 (98) | |
| Student | 437 | 129 (30) | 308 (70) | |
| Unemployed | 725 | 192 (26) | 533 (74) | |
| Household Level | ||||
| No. of containers total | 0–10 | 324 | 43 (13) | 281 (87) |
| 11–20 | 568 | 84 (15) | 484 (85) | |
| 21–30 | 595 | 82 (14) | 513 (86) | |
| 31–40 | 295 | 40 (14) | 255 (86) | |
| 41–50 | 191 | 38 (20) | 153 (80) | |
| >50 | 400 | 54 (14) | 346 (87) | |
| No. of water containers - plastic | 0 | 783 | 110 (14) | 673 (86) |
| 1–10 | 969 | 128 (13) | 841 (87) | |
| 11–20 | 352 | 52 (15) | 300 (85) | |
| >20 | 272 | 52 (19) | 220 (81) | |
| House type | Poles | 413 | 54 (13) | 359 (87) |
| Single | 1875 | 273 (15) | 1602 (85) | |
| Shop-house style | 88 | 15 (17) | 73 (83) | |
| Garbage management | Burn | 1067 | 165 (15) | 902 (85) |
| Bury | 5 | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | |
| Pick-up | 1170 | 164 (14) | 1006 (86) | |
| Dump | 134 | 13 (10) | 121 (90) | |
| Highest household education | No school/primary | 461 | 73 (16) | 388 (84) |
| Secondary | 898 | 141 (16) | 757 (84) | |
| High school | 774 | 97 (13) | 677 (87) | |
| Higher | 243 | 31 (13) | 212 (87) | |
| Concrete household construction | Yes | 2067 | 303 (15) | 1764 (85) |
| No | 309 | 39 (13) | 270 (87) | |
| Type of roof | Not zinc | 622 | 102 (16) | 520 (84) |
| Zinc | 1754 | 240 (14) | 1514 (86) | |
| Water nearby | No | 739 | 109 (15) | 630 (85) |
| Yes | 1637 | 233 (14) | 1404 (86) | |
| Water supply | Other | 219 | 33 (15) | 186 (85) |
| Pipe | 2157 | 309 (14) | 1848 (86) | |
| Door screens | No | 2049 | 285 (14) | 1764 (86) |
| Yes | 327 | 57 (17) | 270 (83) | |
| Toilets outside | No | 1208 | 171 (14) | 1037 (86) |
| Yes | 1168 | 171 (15) | 997 (85) | |
| Community-level | ||||
| population density | Low | 1717 | 255 (15) | 1462 (85) |
| Med | 364 | 49 (13) | 315 (87) | |
| High | 295 | 38 (13) | 257 (87) | |
| Level of urbanicity | Low | 991 | 157 (16) | 834 (84) |
| Mid | 946 | 134 (14) | 812 (86) | |
| High | 439 | 51 (12) | 388 (88) | |
| Development index | Undeveloped | 1265 | 201 (16) | 1064 (84) |
| Developed | 1111 | 141 (13) | 970 (87) | |