Table 2.
Survey results (N = 55)
| Factor | M | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Instructors | 1. The instructor created a warm climate in the Zoom sessions | 4.27 | 0.781 |
| 2. The instructor frequently invited us for contribution (e.g., comments, questions, or answers) during Zoom sessions | 4.33 | 0.795 | |
| 3. The instructor paid close attention to us during Zoom sessions | 4.20 | 0.779 | |
| 4. The instructor cared about us during Zoom sessions | 4.31 | 0.767 | |
| 5. The instructor closely monitored our understanding during Zoom sessions | 4.13 | 0.818 | |
| 6. The instructor addressed our concerns and/or questions promptly during Zoom sessions | 4.47 | 0.690 | |
| 7. The instructor ignored us during Zoom sessions | 1.44* | 0.958 | |
| Learners | 8. I was often multi-tasking (e.g., doing something else) during Zoom sessions | 2.93* | 1.152 |
| 9. I closely followed the instructor's presentations during Zoom sessions | 4.18 | 0.696 | |
| 10. I stayed focused during Zoom sessions | 3.78 | 0.786 | |
| 11. I had opportunities to ask the instructor questions during Zoom sessions | 4.35 | 0.775 | |
| 12. I frequently interacted with the instructor during Zoom sessions | 3.62 | 0.892 | |
| 13. I actively interacted with peers during discussions in breakout rooms | 4.44 | 0.660 | |
| 14. I frequently used backchannels (e.g., text chat, WhatsApp) to keep in contact with classmates during Zoom sessions | 3.64 | 1.112 | |
| 15. I had opportunities to take active or leadership roles (e.g., a facilitator or presenter) during Zoom sessions | 3.69 | 1.016 | |
| 16. I actively answered the instructor’s questions during Zoom sessions | 3.76 | 0.769 | |
| 17. I felt socially connected with my classmates in Zoom sessions | 3.40 | 0.974 | |
| 18. I felt socially connected with the instructor in Zoom sessions | 3.55 | 0.919 | |
| 19. I was highly engaged in the Zoom sessions | 3.73 | 0.827 | |
| 20. The Zoom sessions were as engaging as f2f sessions | 3.24 | 1.138 | |
| 21. I would choose the Zoom session rather than f2f if I have a choice | 3.45 | 1.331 | |
| Content | 22. The learning tasks in the course were challenging | 3.65 | 0.947 |
| 23. During a Zoom session, my time-on-task was higher than 80% of the session | 3.38 | 0.972 | |
| 24. The learning activities were interactive in the Zoom sessions | 3.89 | 0.737 | |
| 25. The instructor frequently used online quizzes or polls (e.g., Kahoot) to check our understanding | 3.67 | 0.818 | |
| 26. The online quizzes or polls (e.g., Kahoot) made me focused | 4.22 | 0.686 | |
| 27. I had opportunities to discuss with peers (e.g., in breakout rooms) | 4.33 | 0.668 | |
| 28. I contributed new ideas (e.g., via peer feedback) to the group/class discussions | 4.02 | 0.680 | |
| 29. Group discussion and presentation made me engaged | 4.29 | 0.599 | |
| 30. I actively participate in the class activities in Zoom sessions | 4.09 | 0.800 | |
| Technology | 31. The Zoom tool enabled me to easily follow class instruction | 4.18 | 0.669 |
| 32. The Zoom tool enabled me to easily communicate with the instructor | 4.15 | 0.848 | |
| 33. The Zoom tool enabled me to easily interact with online peers | 4.18 | 0.945 | |
| 34. I encountered some critical technical problems during Zoom sessions | 1.91* | 1.076 | |
| 35. The technology did not cause any disruption for me | 4.04 | 1.036 | |
| Environments | 36. I had adequate infrastructure and equipment to join Zoom sessions from home | 4.44 | 0.811 |
| 37. My home environment was conducive to participating in Zoom sessions | 4.11 | 0.936 | |
| 38. I concentrated on learning when I attended Zoom sessions from home | 3.71 | 0.875 |
* Negatively stated item