Table 3.

Mixed effects linear regression model for active tobacco retailer licenses adjusting for covariates (2015–2019)

Model	Parameter	Specialized tobacco and/or vape stores			Non-specialized stores
		Estimate	SE	p	Estimate	SE	p
Random effect	Variance	164.28	45.72	<0.001	1914.60	619.72	0.002
Fixed effects	Intercept	11.35	6.91	0.11	33.75	22.49	0.14
	Year	0.81	0.47	0.09	4.43	1.46	0.003
	Population	-9.52	5.71	0.11	-26.87	19.30	0.18
	Male population	57.68	29.82	0.06	152.00	98.01	0.13
	Female population	108.57	25.78	<0.001	374.40	85.18	<0.001
	15–19 years population	-286.04	59.58	<0.001	-1161.44	187.43	<0.001
	20–24 years population	-181.63	33.68	<0.001	-333.14	108.02	0.003
	25–34 years population	21.75	31.53	0.49	36.74	100.64	0.72
	35–44 years population	-277.95	32.58	<0.001	-434.13	101.36	<0.001
	45–54 years population	-86.00	38.01	0.03	-436.54	120.11	<0.001
	White population	7.15	5.36	0.18	12.79	16.68	0.44
	African American population	3.54	12.92	0.78	-55.37	41.50	0.19
	Asian population	11.87	8.15	0.15	2.25	25.68	0.93
	AIAN* population	-96.50	93.75	0.31	901.36	294.98	0.003
	NHPI** population	-147.99	122.2	0.23	-388.52	405.20	0.34
	Hispanic population	11.10	4.31	0.01	49.14	14.05	0.001
	Median household income ($)	-36.91	12.83	0.005	-99.30	41.74	0.02

#Independent variables were divided by 100000 to scale up effect estimates. All independent variables are expressed as count except median household income which is expressed in US dollars.

^*American Indian/Alaska Native.

^**Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.