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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2022 Sep 14;169:107526. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107526

Table 2.

Estimated daily intakes (DI) of pesticides in dogs and cats (μg/kg BW/day) calculated from urinary concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites. The DI values of both permethrin and cypermethrin were estimated from the sum of cis- and trans-DCCA, and therefore, our calculations represent maximum exposure for permethrin and cypermethrin.

Parent pesticide Reference value (μg/kg BW/day)a Metaboliteb Dog (μg/kg BW/day)
 Cat (μg/kg BW/day)
GM Med Range GM Med Range
Organophosphate insecticides
Malathion 70 DMP 1.54 1.67 0.09–18.8 1.58 1.67 0.13–5.82
Chlorpyrifos 0.3 TCPY 0.10 0.10 0.005–0.94 0.20 0.19 0.02–1.44
Parathion 6 PNP 0.66 0.64 0.17–2.68 1.31 1.51 NC–8.76
Diazinon 0.2 IMPY 0.38 0.37 0.05–3.08 4.67 5.03 0.83–24.9
Neonicotinoid insecticides
Imidacloprid 57 IMI 0.70 0.38 NC–47.0 17.62 8.75 NC–1055
Acetamiprid 71 ACE NC NC NC 0.06 0.08 NC–0.63
Nitenpyram 530 NIT 0.01 0.01 NC–0.15 0.02 0.02 NC–0.17
Thiamethoxam 6 THX 0.08 0.10 NC–0.52 0.18 0.19 0.03–0.57
Clothianidin 9.8 CLO 0.04 0.04 NC–0.35 0.08 0.09 0.01–0.39
Thiacloprid 4 6-CN 0.11 0.09 NC–3.58 0.40 0.40 NC–2.89
Dinotefuran 20 DIN 0.04 0.04 NC–0.37 0.16 0.14 0.03–0.68
Imidaclothiz 25 IMZ 2.37 2.32 0.43–14.9 3.45 2.40 1.17–14.7
Sulfoxaflor 50 SUF 0.003 0.003 NC–0.06 0.003 0.01 NC–0.02
Pyrethroid insecticides
Permethrind 50 DCCAc 0.30 0.28 0.01–20.9 0.11 0.11 0.01–2.10
Cypermethrind 10 DCCAc 0.32 0.30 0.01–22.3 0.12 0.12 0.01–2.23
Deltamethrin 10 cis-DBCA NC NC NC 0.39 0.29 NC–4.26
Phenoxyacid herbicides
2,4-D 10 2,4-D 0.04 0.04 NC–6.33 0.01 0.003 NC–0.06
2,4,5-T 10 2,4,5-T 0.03 0.02 NC–0.82 NC NC NC
AT — — 9.14 9.55 0.43–87.3 12.0 9.77 0.13–1090

BW, body weight; GM, geometric mean; Med, median; NC, not calculated.

a

Chronic reference dose (cRfD) for humans provided by the U.S. EPA were used for all pesticides except for nitenpyram and imidaclothiz, for which the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values for humans proposed by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (NY/T 2874–2015) were used.

b

The metabolites shown here indicate the metabolites selected for the calculation of DI value.

c

Indicates the sum of cis- and trans-DCCA.

d

Indicates the highest exposure estimate.