Table 1. Demographic, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and echocardiography parameters of patients.
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | Heart failure N=30 | Control N=30 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean (year) | 71.60±6.70 | 63.70±9.02 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex | Female (%) | 26 (87) | 28 (93) | 0.335 | |
| Male (%) | 4 (13) | 2 (7) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.79±4.72 | 30.86±4.01 | 0.097 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103.33±8.95 | 93.06±10.2 | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking (%) | 3 (10) | 4 (13) | 0.5 | ||
| Diet (%) | 8 (27) | 14 (47) | 0.090 | ||
| NYHA | Class 1 (%) | 0 | 27 (90) | <0.001 | |
| Class 2 (%) | 2 (6) | 3 (10) | |||
| Class 3 (%) | 14 (47) | 0 | |||
| Class 4 (%) | 14 (47) | 0 | |||
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 18 (60) | 8 (27) | 0.009 | ||
| Hypertension (%) | 28 (93) | 30 (100) | 0.246 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 13 (43) | 10 (33) | 0.298 | ||
| Stroke (%) | 1 (3) | 4 (13) | 0.161 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 10 (33) | 3 (10) | 0.028 | ||
| Diuretics | 27 (90) | 16 (53) | 0.002 | ||
| ACE/ARB | 25 (83) | 20 (67) | 0.136 | ||
| Beta Blockers | 22 (73) | 12 (40) | 0.009 | ||
| CCB | 9 (30) | 5 (17) | 0.222 | ||
| Statins | 11 (37) | 4 (13) | 0.037 | ||
| Antiaggregants | 21 (70) | 10 (33) | 0.004 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 6 (20) | 0 | N/A | ||
| Digoxin | 5 (17) | 0 | N/A | ||
| Spironolactone | 4 (13) | 0 | N/A | ||
| Laboratory findings of patients | |||||
| White blood cell count (×103 μl) | 8.11±2.49 | 10.95±3.053 | 0.362 | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.21±1.16 | 12.81±0.95 | <0.001 | ||
| Platelets (×103 μL) | 248±82.91 | 268±101.06 | 0.420 | ||
| NT-proBNP (pg/dL) | 542.26±361.33 | 74.93±19.35 | <0.001 | ||
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 61.12±24.68 | 76.30±22.32 | 0.015 | ||
| Creatine (mg/dL) | 1.20±0.55 | 0.91±0.43 | 0.028 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | 24.13±30.22 | 17.56±5.85 | 0.247 | ||
| AST (U/L) | 24.43±11.57 | 22.90±8.86 | 0.567 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177.10±57.56 | 198.26±44.02 | 0.115 | ||
| LDL (mg/dL) | 132.37±105.52 | 116.03±38.21 | 0.429 | ||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.83±40.76 | 45.43±29.37 | 0.862 | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 159.80±90.48 | 167.50±68.31 | 0.711 | ||
| Echocardiography parameters of patients | |||||
| LVEF (%) | 58.73±4.11 | 60.96±3.70 | 0.031 | ||
| EAT (mm) | 9.21±0.82 | 7.13±1.39 | <0.001 | ||
| LA (mm) | 40.30±10.92 | 35.57±6.50 | 0.047 | ||
| IVS (mm) | 13.03±0.57 | 12.11±2.22 | 0.013 | ||
| LVMI (g/m2) | 131.13±18.00 | 117.90±20.30 | 0.010 | ||
| LVEDVI (mL/m2) | 44.39±10.42 | 40.20±6.24 | 0.064 | ||
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 60.71±21.53 | 44.92±9.93 | <0.001 | ||
| E/é | 13.87±3.88 | 10.12±2.44 | <0.001 | ||
| Diastolic dysfunction Stage 1 (%) | 11 (58) | 19 (70) | 0.531 | ||
| Stage 2 (%) | 8 (42) | 8 (30) | |||
| TAPSE (cm) | 2.71±3.30 | 2.74±0.37 | 0.961 | ||
| SPAP (mmHg) | 32.66±6.67 | 26.20±3.75 | <0.001 | ||
Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) or frequencies (percentages) as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; NT-proBNP: n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; LA: left atrium; IVS: interventricular septum; LVMI: left ventricular mass index (LVMI over 95 g/m2 in women, 115 g/m2 in men); LVEDVI: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LAVI: left atrial volume index (LAVI>34 mL/m2); TAPSE: tricuspid annular systolic excursion; SPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. The statistically significant p-values has shown with bold characters.