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. 2022 Oct 17;11:44. doi: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Intestinal overexpression of α-syn causes dysbiosis. a The total bacterial load in Drosophila intestines. Midgut cultivable bacterial load in 7- and 28-day-old adult flies. Bacterial load was determined by plating the homogenate of midguts diluted 1000 × onto LB agar plates. b–d The relative abundance of total bacteria (b), Proteobacteria (c) and Bacilli (d). Bacterial levels were assayed using qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene in the middle intestine 7 or 28 days after eclosion. e Proportional sequence assignments for the taxonomic units of intestinal bacteria. The legend shows color-coded assignments and taxonomic hierarchy. f Principal coordinate analysis (PCA) of unweighted, jack-knifed UniFrac distances of bacterial communities in fly intestines. PC1, principal coordinate 1; PC2, principal coordinate 2. Mean ± SEM; P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple-comparison test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001