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. 2022 Oct 17;11:44. doi: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Intestinal α-syn triggers the pathology of Parkinson’s disease mediated by brain α-syn. a Exacerbated lifespan of flies with co-expression of α-syn in the brains and the intestine. Intestinal α-syn accelerates the death of flies with brain α-syn. Flies were cultured as described in Fig. 1a and the percentage of living male flies was calculated to monitor lifespan. Flies of esg^TS > Syn, ddc > Syn (ddc-GAL4, UAS-Syn) and ddc + esg^TS > Syn (esg-GAL4, UAS-GFP/ + ; ddc-GAL4, UAS-Syn/ tubulin-Gal80^TS) were used. b Survival rates of flies challenged with rotenone. The percentage of living male flies was calculated to monitor survival in the presence of rotenone. c Intestinal α-syn exacerbates the age-dependent loss of DA neurons of flies with brain α-syn. The numbers of TH-positive DA neurons in five clusters of each genotype were analyzed in PPM1/2, PPM3, and PPL1 clusters of 28-day-old flies. d Intestinal α-syn induces progressive locomotor deficits of flies with brain α-syn. Mean ± SEM; P-values for survival curves were calculated using log-rank tests (using total fly numbers), and for category graphs using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple-comparison test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant