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. 2022 Oct 17;17:378. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02528-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Ocular-systemic interaction study. T cells in the spleen mediate a tolerogenic response to retinal antigens by IL10 and TGF-B1 secreting Tregs. Spleen mononuclear cells stimulated with self-retinal antigens displayed higher CD4 + Th response in rd1 while control displayed higher Foxp3 + Treg response (A). The stimulated mononuclear anti-inflammatory cytokine profile of rd1 displayed lower secretion of IL10 and TGF-B11 than control (B). MCP1 secretion was higher in rd1 peripheral circulation despite lower TNFα levels, indicating monocytic activation in absence of systemic inflammation (C). CD4+ Th cells and monocytes levels were higher in the peripheral system of rd1 indicating cellular specific activation (C). Slightly elevated levels of MCP1 and significantly higher number of monocytes of M2 origin was observed in RP patients’ peripheral circulation (D). Monocytes (E) and T cells (F) infiltrate the immune privileged retina of rd1 as seen by IHC and flow cytometry study of infiltrating peripheral immune cells in rd1 retina (G)