Table 1.
Univariable Correlation Between Demographic/Clinical Characteristics and 5-Year AOFAS a
| Categorical Variables | AOFAS Score (Mean ± SD) | Pb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .329 | ||
| Male (n = 269) | 85.2 ± 6.8 | ||
| Female (n = 86) | 84.7 ± 7.0 | ||
| Number of PRP injections c | <.001 | ||
| 0 (n = 156) | 81.7 ± 5.9 | ||
| 1-2 (n = 148) | 86.6 ± 6.1 | ||
| ≥3 (n = 51) | 91.2 ± 5.5 | ||
| Intraoperative PRP injection | .189 | ||
| No (n = 260) | 84.8 ± 7.1 | ||
| Yes (n = 95) | 85.9 ± 5.7 | ||
| Number of HA injections c | .530 | ||
| 0 (n = 88) | 84.4 ± 8.0 | ||
| 1-2 (n = 163) | 85.4 ± 6.6 | ||
| ≥3 (n = 104) | 85.2 ± 6.1 | ||
| Intraoperative HA injection | .893 | ||
| No (n = 223) | 85.1 ± 7.0 | ||
| Yes (n = 132) | 85.2 ± 6.5 | ||
| Ankle instability at baseline d | .449 | ||
| Yes (n = 86) | 83.9 ± 6.7 | ||
| No (n = 269) | 85.4 ± 6.8 | ||
| Subchondral cyst at baseline | .869 | ||
| Yes (n = 61) | 85.6 ± 7.0 | ||
| No (n = 294) | 85.0 ± 6.8 | ||
| Continuous variables | Mean ± SD | Correlation Coefficient | Pe |
| Age at baseline, years | 28.4 ± 6.3 | −0.123 | .033 |
| BMI at baseline | 25.4 ± 3.6 | −0.172 | .084 |
| Mean BMI change from baseline f | 0.548 ± 3.11 | −1.354 | <.001 |
| Lesion size, mm2 | 95.3 ± 32.5 | 0.014 | .197 |
| Symptom duration before surgery, months | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 0.003 | .970 |
| Preoperative AOFAS score | 61.0 ± 11.8 | 0.004 | .906 |
| Preoperative FAOS score | 48.5 ± 12.8 | 0.018 | .523 |
a AOFAS, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale; BMI, body mass index; FAOS, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score; HA, hyaluronic acid; PRP, platelet-rich plasma. Boldface P values indicate variables included in the multivariable analysis (P < .2).
b Kruskal-Wallis test.
c Number of injections during the study period (intraoperatively and postoperatively).
d Ankle instability was a clinical diagnosis made by the treating surgeons.
e Univariable linear regression.
f Mean BMI change from baseline = Mean BMI from years 1 through 5 minus BMI at baseline.