Exhibit 1:

Characteristics of dual eligibles enrolled in Dual Eligible Special Needs Plans, other Medicare Advantage plans, and traditional Medicare

Characteristic	D-SNPs	Other Medicare Advantage	Traditional Medicare
Age, years	66.2	67.6	60.9	****
Female, %	66.5	61.1	59.7	**
Race and ethnicity, % in category: b
White, non-Hispanic	31.9	40.4	46.7	****
Black, non-Hispanic	26.0	17.0	20.1
Hispanic	33.5	32.4	18.7
Asian or Pacific Islander	4.0	6.8	6.8
Multiracial or other race c	3.7	3.1	6.4
Education, % in category: d
Less than high school education	45.4	41.2	39.2	**
High school or vocational education	31.3	35.1	37.0
College education or higher	22.4	23.3	23.1
Marital status, % in category:
Married	21.4	26.1	20.5	**
Separated or divorced	33.7	27.4	29.5
Widowed	20.9	23.8	17.9
Never married	23.9	22.6	32.0
Any lifetime tobacco use, %	50.5	50.0	52.7
Eligible for Medicare because of disability or end-stage renal disease, % e	33.9	34.7	50.9	****
Number of difficulties with activities of daily living f	1.26	1.42	1.40
Number of difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living g	1.04	1.22	1.29	****
Rural resident, % h	4.6	2.3	10.0	****
Presence of chronic conditions, % reporting a prior diagnosis:
Diabetes	46.9	43.6	37.8	****
Coronary artery disease	7.9	10.2	8.7
Hypertension	70.0	69.3	62.8	****
Myocardial infarction	14.1	13.5	11.7
Congestive heart failure	9.6	10.5	10.7
Coronary heart disease	10.7	8.7	8.2
Hyperlipidemia	66.1	62.3	58.5	****
Cancer	14.9	10.3	13.8	**
Depression	45.8	43.5	46.9
Behavioral health disorder	18.8	15.9	23.8	****
Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	30.5	28.3	30.9
Osteoporosis	21.6	21.4	17.5	**
Rheumatoid Arthritis	33.6	32.2	26.5	****

Statistical significance is denoted as follows:

^****P<0.001,

^***P<0.01,

^**P<0.05,

^*P<0.01.

P-values are for differences in the means or proportions of each characteristic among dual eligibles enrolled in Dual Eligible Special Needs Plans (D-SNPs), other Medicare Advantage plans not exclusively serving dual eligibles, and traditional Medicare.

Notes: Estimates based on a sample of 9,885 observations in the 2015–2019 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), limited to community-dwelling full-benefit dual-eligibles. When weighted, this sample represents 32,420,651 person-years.

^aCharacteristics of dual-eligibles by category of Medicare coverage, weighted by survey weights to produce nationally representative estimates. Characteristics weighted by a composite of propensity score weights and survey weights are reported in Appendix Exhibit 3 (full sample) and Appendix Exhibit 4 (stratified by race and ethnicity).

^bRace and ethnicity are self-reported by MCBS respondents. Approximately 1.1% of MCBS respondents in our sample did not report their race or ethnicity (not shown in table).

^cIncludes dual-eligibles who self-identified as Native Hawaiian, Native American or Alaska Native, another race, or multiracial.

^dApproximately 0.6% of MCBS respondents in our sample did not report their education (not shown in table).

^ePropensity score and outcome models included separate indicators for whether beneficiaries were eligible for Medicare due to disability vs. end-stage renal disease (eligibility for Medicare due to age was the reference).

^fNumber of activities daily living that a respondent reported difficulty performing or did not perform due to health (bathing, dressing, eating, using the toilet, walking, and getting into or out of a chair or bed).

^gNumber of instrumental activities daily living that that a respondent reported any difficulty performing or did not perform due to health (using the telephone, shopping, managing money, doing light housework, and preparing meals).

^hResidence in a rural area based on Office of Management and Budget Core-Based Statistical Area designations.

Source: Authors’ analyses of the MCBS from 2015–2019.