Table 1.
Key Characteristics of 22 Empirical Studies that Used the Discrimination in Health Care Measure
| Study characteristic | n | % of total studiesa |
|---|---|---|
| Publication year | ||
| 2001-2004 | 1 | 5 |
| 2005-2009 | 1 | 5 |
| 2010-2013 | 10 | 45 |
| 2014-2017 | 10 | 45 |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional | 19 | 86 |
| Prospective cohort | 2 | 9 |
| Randomized controlled trial | 1 | 5 |
| Sampling procedure | ||
| Nonprobability | 21 | 95 |
| Probability | 1 | 5 |
| Sample size | ||
| n < 100 | 5 | 23 |
| 100 < n < 300 | 11 | 50 |
| 300 < n < 900 | 6 | 27 |
| Region of the U.S. | ||
| Midwest | 6 | 27 |
| Northeast | 7 | 32 |
| South | 1 | 5 |
| West | 2 | 9 |
| More than one region | 6 | 22 |
| Data collection mode | ||
| Self-administered survey | 9 | 41 |
| In-person interview | 4 | 18 |
| Computer assisted interview | 3 | 14 |
| Telephone interview | 4 | 18 |
| Mixed-mode (in-person interview or self-administered survey) | 2 | 9 |
| Study population characteristics | ||
| Racial/ethnic group(s)b | ||
| African American/Black | 17 | 77 |
| American Indian | 2 | 9 |
| Arab American | 2 | 9 |
| Asian American | 2 | 9 |
| Latino/Hispanic | 2 | 9 |
| White | 11 | 50 |
| Health status | ||
| Breast cancer | 5 | 23 |
| Diabetes | 4 | 18 |
| Hypertension | 3 | 14 |
| Kidney disease | 1 | 5 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1 | 5 |
| Spinal cord injury | 2 | 9 |
| Not specified (for sampling) | 6 | 27 |
| Sex | ||
| Female only | 12 | 55 |
| Male only | 0 | 0 |
| Male & Female | 10 | 45 |
| Basis of discrimination in health care c | ||
| Race or ethnicityd | 19 | 86 |
| Socioeconomic status or class | 1 | 5 |
| Religion | 2 | 9 |
| Sexual orientation | 1 | 5 |
Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
Studies may have included individuals of one or more racial/ethnic groups. If studies included more than one racial/ethnic group, it is indicated here (e.g., a study that included both Black and White individuals is indicated twice; once in the African American/Black row and once in the White row). One study (Jabson, Donatelle, & Bowen, 2011) reported that their sample was “largely characterized as being….of non-Hispanic Caucasian ethnicity,” which was coded as White.
One study separately examined discrimination in health care based on race or color and based on socioeconomic status or class.
The Discrimination in Health Care Measure may have asked about experiences of discrimination related to race, ancestry, national origin, or color generally or related to a specific race (e.g., Native/American Indian).