Table 2. Sex hormones, SHBG, IGF-1, and COVID-19 outcomes in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.
| Exposure | Method | Susceptibility | Hospitalization | Severity | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNPs | OR (95% CI) | p Effect | p Heterogeneity | p Intercept | SNPs | OR (95% CI) | p Effect | p Heterogeneity | p Intercept | SNPs | OR (95% CI) | p Effect | p Heterogeneity | p Intercept | ||
| Testosterone | IVW | 315 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.309 | 0.006 | – | 303 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.04) | 0.103 | 0.055 | – | 316 | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) | 0.256 | 0.041 | – |
| MR-Egger | 0.93 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.430 | 0.005 | 0.860 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.217 | 0.051 | 0.819 | 0.78 (0.48, 1.27) | 0.313 | 0.038 | 0.732 | ||||
| Weighted median | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | 0.329 | – | – | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | 0.370 | – | – | 0.71 (0.40, 1.26) | 0.246 | – | – | ||||
| Simple mode | 1.13 (0.73, 1.77) | 0.584 | – | – | 0.77 (0.27, 2.20) | 0.623 | – | – | 0.44 (0.09, 2.18) | 0.316 | – | – | ||||
| Weighted mode | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.300 | – | – | 0.77 (0.52, 1.13) | 0.180 | – | – | 0.65 (0.40, 1.05) | 0.081 | – | – | ||||
| MR-PRESSO | 0.94 (1.06, 0.84) | – | – | – | 0.82 (1.04, 0.65) | – | – | – | 0.83 (1.15, 0.59) | – | – | – | ||||
| SHBG | IVW | 319 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.182 | 0.002 | – | 309 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.255 | 0.087 | – | 320 | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.618 | 0.096 | – |
| MR-Egger | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 0.708 | 0.002 | 0.494 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.22) | 0.352 | 0.081 | 0.818 | 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) | 0.730 | 0.090 | 0.994 | ||||
| Weighted median | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 0.360 | – | – | 0.82 (0.52, 1.29) | 0.391 | – | – | 0.72 (0.41, 1.27) | 0.255 | – | – | ||||
| Simple mode | 1.09 (0.66, 1.81) | 0.735 | – | – | 1.18 (0.40, 3.44) | 0.767 | – | – | 1.16 (0.25, 5.41) | 0.850 | – | – | ||||
| Weighted mode | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.547 | – | – | 0.81 (0.56, 1.18) | 0.279 | – | – | 0.79 (0.47, 1.33) | 0.376 | – | – | ||||
| MR-PRESSO | 0.91 (1.05, 0.80) | – | – | – | 0.86 (1.11, 0.67) | – | – | – | 0.91 (1.28, 0.65) | – | – | – | ||||
| Estradiol | IVW | 7 | 0.54 (0.15, 1.94) | 0.346 | 0.188 | – | 7 | 0.87 (0.11, 6.70) | 0.895 | 0.769 | – | 7 | 0.50 (0.03, 7.64) | 0.620 | 0.987 | – |
| MR-Egger | 0.73 (0.04, 14.11) | 0.845 | 0.123 | 0.830 | 0.34 (0.00, 29.54) | 0.657 | 0.685 | 0.662 | 0.04 (0.00, 17.04) | 0.345 | 1.000 | 0.401 | ||||
| Weighted median | 0.36 (0.10, 1.35) | 0.130 | – | – | 0.35 (0.03, 4.21) | 0.407 | – | – | 0.30 (0.01, 7.26) | 0.458 | – | – | ||||
| Simple mode | 0.29 (0.03, 2.60) | 0.313 | – | – | 0.71 (0.01, 44.94) | 0.875 | – | – | 0.33 (0.00, 43.56) | 0.673 | - | - | ||||
| Weighted mode | 0.34 (0.07, 1.73) | 0.241 | – | – | 0.38 (0.03, 4.81) | 0.482 | – | – | 0.29 (0.01, 9.43) | 0.511 | - | - | ||||
| MR-PRESSO | 0.54 (1.94, 0.15) | – | – | – | 0.87 (3.93, 0.19) | – | – | – | 0.51 (1.52, 0.17) | - | - | - | ||||
| IGF-1 | IVW | 16 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.027 | 0.175 | – | 16 | 0.62 (0.25, 0.51) | 0.018 | 0.715 | – | 18 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.38) | 0.513 | 0.601 | - |
| MR-Egger | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.408 | 0.145 | 0.614 | 0.72 (0.37, 1.38) | 0.336 | 0.668 | 0.595 | 1.45 (0.67, 3.10) | 0.358 | 0.758 | 0.096 | ||||
| Weighted median | 0.76 (0.57, 1.02) | 0.071 | – | – | 0.75 (0.44, 1.28) | 0.294 | – | – | 0.76 (0.38, 1.53) | 0.446 | - | - | ||||
| Simple mode | 0.64 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.097 | – | – | 0.66 (0.30, 1.45) | 0.318 | – | – | 0.82 (0.27, 2.47) | 0.730 | - | - | ||||
| Weighted mode | 0.77 (0.58, 1.02) | 0.084 | – | – | 0.71 (0.44, 1.17) | 0.199 | – | – | 0.70 (0.35, 1.38) | 0.319 | - | - | ||||
| MR-PRESSO | 0.77 (0.98, 0.61) | – | – | – | 0.62 (0.88, 0.43) | – | – | – | 0.85 (1.34, 0.54) | - | - | - | ||||
SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IVW, inverse variance weighting; SHBG, sex hormones-binding globulin; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1.