Table 4. Sex-specific associations of genetically testosterone and estradiol levels with COVID-19 risk.

Exposure	Method	Susceptibility				Hospitalization				Severity
		Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female
		OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Testosterone	IVW	0.96 (0.90, 1.05)	0.463	1.06 (0.97, 1.15)	0.214	0.96 (0.83, 1.10)	0.547	1.03 (0.87, 1.22)	0.731	1.07 (0.89, 1.27)	0.479	0.88 (0.69, 1.11)	0.269
	MR-Egger	0.97 (0.86, 1.09)	0.644	1.04 (0.85, 1.26)	0.713	0.88 (0.71, 1.10)	0.270	1.13 (0.76, 1.69)	0.549	0.81 (0.62, 1.08)	0.152	0.68 (0.39, 1.18)	0.169
	Weighted median	0.93 (0.83, 1.04)	0.184	1.06 (0.94, 1.19)	0.370	0.89 (0.72, 1.10)	0.277	1.08 (0.84, 1.39)	0.523	0.89 (0.67, 1.19)	0.438	0.81 (0.57, 1.14)	0.227
	p for intercept	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	0.998	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.854	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)	0.348	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.615	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	0.017	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.314
	MR-PRESSO	0.97 (0.90, 1.05)	0.464	1.06 (0.97, 1.15)	0.216	0.96 (0.83, 1.10)	0.549	1.03 (0.87, 1.22)	0.732	1.07 (0.89, 1.27)	0.478	0.88 (0.69, 1.11)	0.270
Estradiol	IVW	0.99 (0.89, 1.11)	0.923	0.95 (0.71, 1.26)	0.724	0.98 (0.81, 1.18)	0.826	1.04 (0.63, 1.73)	0.873	0.90 (0.71, 1.15)	0.403	1.39 (0.74, 7.15)	0.310
	MR-Egger	1.00 (0.73, 1.36)	0.993	0.89 (0.59, 1.34)	0.598	0.93 (0.52, 1.67)	0.812	1.15 (0.56, 2.34)	0.719	0.61 (0.29, 6.15)	0.233	1.76 (0.74, 3.15)	0.234
	Weighted median	1.05 (0.92, 1.20)	0.432	0.95 (0.68, 1.32)	0.745	0.93 (0.74, 1.16)	0.508	1.32 (0.67, 2.57)	0.422	0.88 (0.65, 1.15)	0.411	1.96 (0.81, 5.15)	0.135
	p for intercept	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	0.980	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	0.669	1.01 (0.94, 1.08)	0.856	0.99 (0.96, 1.02)	0.707	1.05 (0.96, 0.15)	0.312	0.99 (0.95, 0.15)	0.441
	MR-PRESSO	0.99 (0.89, 1.11)	0.925	0.95 (0.71, 1.26)	0.732	0.98 (0.81, 1.18)	0.831	1.04 (0.63, 1.73)	0.877	0.90 (0.71, 1.15)	0.425	1.39 (0.74, 2.63)	0.335

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IVW, inverse variance weighting.