Table 1.
Signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress-related intervertebral disc degeneration.
| Signaling pathway | Experimental models (stimuli) | Cellular processes regulated by the signaling pathway | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| NF-κB | Rat NP cell (20% O2) | Catabolism↑, inflammatory↑ | [71] |
| Rat AF cell (TNF-α) | Cell senescence↑ | [81] | |
| Mice NP cell (TNF-α) | ROS↑ | [80] | |
| Human cartilage endplate cell (H2O2) | Apoptosis↑ | [83] | |
|
| |||
| MAPK | Rat NP cell (20% O2) | Cell senescence↑, catabolism↑, inflammatory↑ | [71] |
| Rat NP cell (TBHP) | Apoptosis↑ | [88] | |
| Rat AF cell (H2O2, BSO and TNF-α) | Anabolism↓, catabolism↑ | [53] | |
| Human NP cell (H2O2) | Catabolism↑ | [89] | |
| Human NP cell (H2O2) | Cell senescence↑, catabolism↑ | [87] | |
| Human cartilage endplate cell (H2O2) | Apoptosis↑ | [83] | |
|
| |||
| Keap1–Nrf2–ARE | Mice endplate chondrocytes (TNF-α) Rat NP cell (TBHP) |
ROS↓, cell senescence↓, osteogenic differentiation↓ Apoptosis↓, mitochondrial dysfunction↓, autophagy↑ |
[55] [65] |
| Human NP cell (H2O2) | Autophagy↑ | [6] | |
| Human endplate chondrocytes (H2O2) | Apoptosis↓, mitochondrial dysfunction↓ | [56] | |
|
| |||
| PI3K-Akt | Rat NP cell (H2O2) | Cell senescence↑, inflammatory↑ | [98] |
| Rat NPMSC cell (H2O2) | ROS↓, catabolism↓, mitochondrial dysfunction↓ | [99] | |
| Human NP cell (H2O2) | Survival of cells↑ | [97] | |
NP: nucleus pulposus; AF: annulus fibrosus; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CST: cortistatin; TBHP: tert-butyl hydroperoxide; BSO: buthionine sulfoximine; NPMSC: nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells.