Table 2.
Therapy target for oxidative stress-related intervertebral disc degeneration.
| Classification | Antioxidant (dose & time) | Experimental models (stimuli) | Therapeutic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural origin | Curcumin | Human NP cells (TBHP) | ROS↓, autophagy↑, apoptosis↓, cell senescence↓, catabolism↓ | [57] |
| Berberine | Human NP cells (H2O2) | ER stress↓, autophagy↓, apoptosis↓ | [102] | |
| Danshen | Rats (needle puncture) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓, catabolism↓ | [44] | |
| Salvianolic acid B | Rats (needle puncture) | ROS↓, proliferation↑, apoptosis↓ | [103] | |
| Acacetin | Rat NP cells (TBHP) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓, catabolism↓ | [104] | |
|
| ||||
| Chemical medicine | Metformin | Rat NP cells (TBHP) | Apoptosis↓, senescence↓, catabolism↓, anabolism↑ | [105] |
| Pioglitazone | Human NP-MSC cells (compression) | ROS↓, apoptosis↓ | [63] | |
| Aspirin | Rat NP cells (LPS) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓, catabolism↓ | [106] | |
| Dexmedetomidine | Mice NP cells (IL-1β) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓ | [107] | |
|
| ||||
| Biomaterial | ROS-SSR | Rats (needle puncture) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓ | [108] |
| Nanofullerol | Human NP cells (H2O2) | ROS↓, survival of cells↑, catabolism↓ | [110] | |
| Fullerol nanoparticles | Mice BMSC (IL-1β) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓, Adipogenesis↓, catabolism↓ | [111] | |
| KAM | Human ADSC (H2O2) | ROS↓, cell viability↑, inflammatory↓, catabolism↓, autophagy↑ | [112] | |
|
| ||||
| Stem cell therapy | MSC-derived exosomes | Mice BMSC (H2O2) | ROS↓, inflammatory↓, mitochondrial dysfunction↓ | [51] |
| MSC-derived exosomes | Rat NP cells(compression) | ROS↓, apoptosis↓, mitochondrial dysfunction↓ | [114] | |
| CESC-derived exosomes | Rat NP cells (TBHP) | Apoptosis↓, autophagy↑ | [115] | |
NP: nucleus pulposus; AF: annulus fibrosus; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBHP: tert-butyl hydroperoxide; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; NP-MSC: nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cell; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; ROS-SSR: ROS-scavenging scaffold with rapamycin; KAM: kartogenin and apocynin-loaded micelle; BMSC: bone marrow stromal cells; ADSC: adipose-derived stem cells; CESC: cartilage endplate stem cell.