Figure 1.

Milestones in discovery and development of organotypic tissue slice culture. Key milestones in the prototype of organotypic tissue slice culture and the establishment of three-dimentional tumor slice culture are shown in light green. In 2011, US FDA approved the first immune checkpoint blockade drug, ipilimumab, in the clinical setting. Key milestones in the evaluation of drug efficacy, chemotherapy efficacy, immune checkpoint blockade efficacy, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy efficacy are shown in purple. Abbreviations: CT, chemotherapy; ICB, immune checkpoint blockade; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; 3D-TSC, three-dimentional tumor slice culture.