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. 2022 Oct 17;5:1098. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04070-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — The MR panel shows the effects of obesity-related biomarkers (exposures) on risk of BMI and asthma (outcomes) in children and adults. The reverse MR panel shows the effects of BMI and asthma on obesity-related biomarkers (reverse-directional MR analysis). Different Mendelian randomization methods are displayed in different line types. For the binary exposures (childhood and adult asthma in the reverse MR analysis), MR estimates here are only used to evaluate evidence for causality and the consistency of direction of effect. The interpretation of effect sizes for binary exposures needs more caution.