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. 2022 Oct 17;13:6127. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33852-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Two alternative models for actin-dependent invagination of CCSs. (Left) Edge pushing model. (Right) Apical pulling model. b A region of an unroofed U2OS cell showing flat (blue), dome-shaped (green) and spherical (orange) CCSs, some of which associate with branched actin networks (yellow). Arrows mark linear actin filaments from which branched networks originate. Inset shows a very small flat CCS. c Large flat CCSs in U2OS cells contain subdomains demarcated by “seams” (arrows) with disrupted polygonal clathrin pattern. d Dome-shaped subdomains (arrows) within a large mostly flat CCS in U2OS cells. e Percentages of different CCS shape categories in four different cells types. Hatched colors indicate a fraction of actin-associated CCSs within a given category. f Projection area of CCSs of different shape categories in indicated cell types. Error bars, mean ± SD. Scale bars, 200 nm.