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. 2022 Oct 17;13:6136. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33856-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a, d The simulated transient-state concentration gradient of the reactants in different nanoreactors at 20 µs. b, e The corresponding total flux profiles of reactants in single- and dual-chambered nanoreactors at 20 µs. Position A is the opening of the nanoreactor, Position B is the center location of the upper chamber, Position C is the middle of the whole cavity, and Position D is the center location of the bottom chamber. c The calculated transient-state concentration gradient of the reactants at 20 µs at different positions of the nanoreactors. f The concentration distribution as a function of diffusion distance (different position) at 20 µs. The diffusion of reactants to the bottom chamber is specified as the positive direction. The simulations were performed in a time-dependent mode at a microsecond scale due to the rapid evolution of physical fields. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.