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. 2022 Oct 17;11:302. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00961-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The intensity distributions at different observation planes under the illumination of RCP light beam. b The intensity distributions under the illumination of an LP light beam for polarization distribution detection with different transmission axes of the linear polarizer and the analyzer at different observation planes. The simulated (left) and measured intensity profiles (right) at three observation planes after passing through the analyzer by considering Malus’ law with different combinations of the transmission axes of the polarizer and the analyzer. The white and red double arrows indicate the transmission axes of the first polarizer (P1) and the analyzer (P2), respectively. P1⊥P2. The direction of the white arrows: 45° (z = 485 μm), 0° (z = 500 μm), and 75° (z = 515 μm) w.r.t. the x axis