Table 4.
Association of sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease in patients with established cardiovascular pathology.
| Author | Year | Country | Sample Size | Age | Diagnostic standard | Type of CVD | AHI cut-off | Prevalence | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted for | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vazir A. et al. | 2006 | UK | 55 | 61 ± 12 | PSG | CHF | 5 | 80% | – | – | |
| 15 | 53% | ||||||||||
| 30 | 22% | ||||||||||
| Otero L. et al. | 2016 | Colombia | 834 | 40–80 | PSG | CAD. AF | 5 | overall 91% | OR: 5.52 (2.9–10.7) for OSA | Not adjusted | |
| OR: 2.44 (1.2–5.2) for CSA | |||||||||||
| Strotmann J. et al. | 2018 | Germany | 211 | 68.7 ± 8.6 | PSM | AF | 5 | 93.4% | – | – | |
| 15 | 59.7% | ||||||||||
| Losurdo A. et al. | 2018 | Italy | 140 | 66.9 ± 11.9 | PSM | Ischemic stroke | 10 | 51.40% | – | – | |
| Zhao L.P. et al. | 2014 | Singapore | 162 | 58.6 ± 0.8 | PSM | CAD | 15 | 37.9% | 35.0% men | – | – |
| 40.3% women | |||||||||||
| Logan A.G. et al. | 2001 | Canada | 41 | 57.2 ± 1.6 | PSG | RHTN | 10 | 82.9% | 95.8% men | – | – |
| 64.7% women | |||||||||||
| Gessner V. et al. | 2017 | Germany | 223 | 63.2 ± 11.2 | PSM | Acute MI | 5 | 85.6% | 40.8% OSA | – | – |
| 7% CSA | |||||||||||
| 3.1% mixed | |||||||||||
| Prinz C. et al. | 2011 | Germany | 63 | 59.5 ± 13.0 | PSM | Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 82.5% | 61.9% OSA | – | – |
| 20.6% CSA | |||||||||||
| Lee C.H. et al. | 2009 | Singapore | 105 | 53 ± 10 | PSM | Acute MI | 15 | 65.70% | – | – | |
| Bazan V. et al. | 2013 | Spain | 56 | 66 ± 11 | PSG | AF | 5 | 82% | – | – | |
| 30 | 45% | ||||||||||
| Glantz H. et al. | 2013 | Sweden | 662 | 64.1 ± 8.7 | PSM | CAD | 15 | 63.7% | – | – | |
| 30 | 24.6% | ||||||||||
| Strotmann J. et al. | 2017 | Germany | 211 | 68.7 ± 8.5 | PSM | AF | 15 | 57.9% | 55.9% OSA | – | – |
| 36.5% CSA | |||||||||||
| Muxfeldt E. et al. | 2014 | Brazil | 422 | 62.4 ± 9.9 | PSG | RHTN | 5 | 82.2% | – | – | |
| 15 | 55.5% | ||||||||||
| Paulino A. et al. | 2008 | France | 316 | 59 ± 3 | PSM | CHD | 10 | 81% | 56% OSA | – | – |
| 25% CSA | |||||||||||
| NorAdina A.T. et al. | 2006 | Malaysia | 28 | 60.3 ± 8.9 | PSM | Ischemic stroke | 5 | 92.8% | – | – | |
| 10 | 78.5% | ||||||||||
| 15 | 44.8% | ||||||||||
| 20 | 37.7% | ||||||||||
| Redeker N.S. et al. | 2010 | USA | 170 | 60.3 ± 16.8 | PSG | CHD | 5 | 84.1% | – | – | |
| Albuquerque F.N. et al. | 2011 | USA | 151 | 69.1 ± 11.7 | PSG | AF | 5 | 78.1% | – | – | |
| 15 | 52.3% | ||||||||||
| 30 | 29.1% | ||||||||||
| Brooks D. et al. | 2010 | USA | 45 | 67 ± 12 | PSG | Stroke | 10 | 91% | – | – | |
| Lutohin G.M. | 2016 | Russia | 54 | 66 (57; 72) | PSM | Ischemic stroke | 5 | 92% | 81.5% OSA | – | – |
| 11.1% CSA | |||||||||||
| Abumuamar A.M. et al. | 2018 | Canada | 100 | 63.6 ± 13.3 | PSG | AF | 5 | 85% | – | – | |
| Boulos M.I. et al. | 2016 | Canada | 102 | 68.7 ± 13.7 | PSM | Stroke/TIA | 5 | 63.40% | – | – | |
| Hoyer F.F. et al. | 2010 | Germany | 46 | 65 ± 7 | PSM | AF | 5 | 67% | – | – | |
| Cai A. et al. | 2018 | China | 1157 | 56.6 ± 11.7 | PSG | RHTN | 5 | 33.1% | OR: 1.049 (1.021–1.079) | Age, male sex, neck girth, BMI, mean SaO2 level, serum uric acid level, presence of diabetes mellitus and CHD. | |
| Koo B. B. et al. | 2016 | USA | 164 | 62 ± 11.3 | PSG | Ischemic stroke | 5 | 80.20% | men OR: 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | Age, diabetes, AF, and PHQ-8 score. | |
| women OR: 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | |||||||||||
| Shah N. et al. | 2013 | USA | 136 | Median 57.2 | PSM | Acute MI | 5 | 77% | – | Age, sex, race, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, CVD history, diabetes mellitus, and baseline creatinine. | |
| 30 | 10% | OR: 0.038 (0.002–0.610) | |||||||||
| Pedrosa R. et al. | 2010 | Brazil | 80 | 47 | PSM | AF | 15 | 40% | OR: 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | Multivariate analysis | |
| 30 | 21% | ||||||||||
| Geovanini G. et al. | 2016 | Brazil | 80 | 62 ± 10 | PSG | Refractory angina | 5 | 75% | – | Not adjusted | |
| 51 | 25% | OR: 4.00 (1.17–13.73) | |||||||||
| Kohno T. et al. | 2018 | Japan | 197 | 60 ± 9 | PSM | AF | 10 | 68.5% | 60.9%-OSA | Hyp OR: 2.6 (1.3–5.1) | Not adjusted |
| 7.6%-CSA | |||||||||||
| Sin D.D. et al. | 2002 | Canada | 301 | CSA 67.2 ± 0.9. OSA 59.4 ± 1.1 | PSG | HF | 10 | 40% | OR: 2.89 (1.25–6.73) | BMI, age, sex, mean and minimum SaO2, and LVEF. | |
| Grimm W. et al. | 2014 | Germany | 267 | 60 ± 14 | PSG | Systolic HF | 15 | 43% | – | Age, male sex, arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, brain natriuretic peptide, left atrial diameter, NYHA heart failure class, the use of digitalis, the lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme, inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers | |
| 30 | 25% | AF OR: 5.21 (1.67–16.27) | |||||||||
| Kumar R. et al. | 2017 | India | 50 | 54.6 ± 12.49 | PSG | Stroke | 5 | 78% | OR: 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | Age, sex, BMI, and stroke severity. | |
| 15 | 46% | ||||||||||
| 30 | 18% | ||||||||||
| Macdonald M. et al. | 2007 | USA | 108 | 57 ± 11 | PSM | CHF | 15 | 61% | 30% OSA |
AF: OR: 11.56 (1.43–93.02) worse functional class of HF: OR: 2.77 (1.14–6.73) |
Male sex, age >60 years, BMI, and LVEF. |
| 31% CSA | |||||||||||
| Cadilhac D. A. et al. | 2005 | Australia | 78 | 63.5 ± 14.7 | PSG | Stroke | 5 | 81% | – | Age, neck circumference and stroke severity. | |
| 15 | 64.4% | OR: 4.15 (1.05–16.38) | |||||||||
| Braga B. et al. | 2007 | Brazil | 84 | 60.5 ± 9.5 | PSG | AF | 10 | 81.60% | OR: 2.87 (1.07–7.70) | Not adjusted | |
| Bekfani T. et al. | 2020 | Germany | 111 | 67.6 ± 10.2 | PSG | HF | 5 | 66.7% (OSA 42.3%,CSA 21.6%, Mixed 2.7%) | |||
AF atrial fibrillation, AHI apnea-hypopnea index, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CAI central apnea index, CHD coronary heart disease, CHF congestive heart failure, CSA central sleep apnea, CVD cardiovascular disease, HF heart failure, HR hazard ratio, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, MACCEs major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, MI myocardial infarction, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, OR odds ratio, PHQ-8 eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, PSM portable sleep monitor, PSG polysomnography, RHTN resistant hypertension, TIA transient ischemic attack.
Cross-sectional studies: characteristics, outcomes and results.