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. 2022 Oct 17;32:41. doi: 10.1038/s41533-022-00307-6

Table 4.

Association of sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease in patients with established cardiovascular pathology.

Author Year Country Sample Size Age Diagnostic standard Type of CVD AHI cut-off Prevalence OR (95% CI) Adjusted for
Vazir A. et al. 2006 UK 55 61 ± 12 PSG CHF 5 80%
15 53%
30 22%
Otero L. et al. 2016 Colombia 834 40–80 PSG CAD. AF 5 overall 91% OR: 5.52 (2.9–10.7) for OSA Not adjusted
OR: 2.44 (1.2–5.2) for CSA
Strotmann J. et al. 2018 Germany 211 68.7 ± 8.6 PSM AF 5 93.4%
15 59.7%
Losurdo A. et al. 2018 Italy 140 66.9 ± 11.9 PSM Ischemic stroke 10 51.40%
Zhao L.P. et al. 2014 Singapore 162 58.6 ± 0.8 PSM CAD 15 37.9% 35.0% men
40.3% women
Logan A.G. et al. 2001 Canada 41 57.2 ± 1.6 PSG RHTN 10 82.9% 95.8% men
64.7% women
Gessner V. et al. 2017 Germany 223 63.2 ± 11.2 PSM Acute MI 5 85.6% 40.8% OSA
7% CSA
3.1% mixed
Prinz C. et al. 2011 Germany 63 59.5 ± 13.0 PSM Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 5 82.5% 61.9% OSA
20.6% CSA
Lee C.H. et al. 2009 Singapore 105 53 ± 10 PSM Acute MI 15 65.70%
Bazan V. et al. 2013 Spain 56 66 ± 11 PSG AF 5 82%
30 45%
Glantz H. et al. 2013 Sweden 662 64.1 ± 8.7 PSM CAD 15 63.7%
30 24.6%
Strotmann J. et al. 2017 Germany 211 68.7 ± 8.5 PSM AF 15 57.9% 55.9% OSA
36.5% CSA
Muxfeldt E. et al. 2014 Brazil 422 62.4 ± 9.9 PSG RHTN 5 82.2%
15 55.5%
Paulino A. et al. 2008 France 316 59 ± 3 PSM CHD 10 81% 56% OSA
25% CSA
NorAdina A.T. et al. 2006 Malaysia 28 60.3 ± 8.9 PSM Ischemic stroke 5 92.8%
10 78.5%
15 44.8%
20 37.7%
Redeker N.S. et al. 2010 USA 170 60.3 ± 16.8 PSG CHD 5 84.1%
Albuquerque F.N. et al. 2011 USA 151 69.1 ± 11.7 PSG AF 5 78.1%
15 52.3%
30 29.1%
Brooks D. et al. 2010 USA 45 67 ± 12 PSG Stroke 10 91%
Lutohin G.M. 2016 Russia 54 66 (57; 72) PSM Ischemic stroke 5 92% 81.5% OSA
11.1% CSA
Abumuamar A.M. et al. 2018 Canada 100 63.6 ± 13.3 PSG AF 5 85%
Boulos M.I. et al. 2016 Canada 102 68.7 ± 13.7 PSM Stroke/TIA 5 63.40%
Hoyer F.F. et al. 2010 Germany 46 65 ± 7 PSM AF 5 67%
Cai A. et al. 2018 China 1157 56.6 ± 11.7 PSG RHTN 5 33.1% OR: 1.049 (1.021–1.079) Age, male sex, neck girth, BMI, mean SaO2 level, serum uric acid level, presence of diabetes mellitus and CHD.
Koo B. B. et al. 2016 USA 164 62 ± 11.3 PSG Ischemic stroke 5 80.20% men OR: 1.04 (1.00–1.09) Age, diabetes, AF, and PHQ-8 score.
women OR: 0.88 (0.78–0.99)
Shah N. et al. 2013 USA 136 Median 57.2 PSM Acute MI 5 77% Age, sex, race, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, CVD history, diabetes mellitus, and baseline creatinine.
30 10% OR: 0.038 (0.002–0.610)
Pedrosa R. et al. 2010 Brazil 80 47 PSM AF 15 40% OR: 1.07 (1.01–1.13) Multivariate analysis
30 21%
Geovanini G. et al. 2016 Brazil 80 62 ± 10 PSG Refractory angina 5 75% Not adjusted
51 25% OR: 4.00 (1.17–13.73)
Kohno T. et al. 2018 Japan 197 60 ± 9 PSM AF 10 68.5% 60.9%-OSA Hyp OR: 2.6 (1.3–5.1) Not adjusted
7.6%-CSA
Sin D.D. et al. 2002 Canada 301 CSA 67.2 ± 0.9. OSA 59.4 ± 1.1 PSG HF 10 40% OR: 2.89 (1.25–6.73) BMI, age, sex, mean and minimum SaO2, and LVEF.
Grimm W. et al. 2014 Germany 267 60 ± 14 PSG Systolic HF 15 43% Age, male sex, arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, brain natriuretic peptide, left atrial diameter, NYHA heart failure class, the use of digitalis, the lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme, inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers
30 25% AF OR: 5.21 (1.67–16.27)
Kumar R. et al. 2017 India 50 54.6 ± 12.49 PSG Stroke 5 78% OR: 1.14 (1.03–1.25) Age, sex, BMI, and stroke severity.
15 46%
30 18%
Macdonald M. et al. 2007 USA 108 57 ± 11 PSM CHF 15 61% 30% OSA

AF: OR: 11.56 (1.43–93.02)

worse functional class of HF:

OR: 2.77 (1.14–6.73)

Male sex, age >60 years, BMI, and LVEF.
31% CSA
Cadilhac D. A. et al. 2005 Australia 78 63.5 ± 14.7 PSG Stroke 5 81% Age, neck circumference and stroke severity.
15 64.4% OR: 4.15 (1.05–16.38)
Braga B. et al. 2007 Brazil 84 60.5 ± 9.5 PSG AF 10 81.60% OR: 2.87 (1.07–7.70) Not adjusted
Bekfani T. et al. 2020 Germany 111 67.6 ± 10.2 PSG HF 5 66.7% (OSA 42.3%,CSA 21.6%, Mixed 2.7%)

AF atrial fibrillation, AHI apnea-hypopnea index, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CAI central apnea index, CHD coronary heart disease, CHF congestive heart failure, CSA central sleep apnea, CVD cardiovascular disease, HF heart failure, HR hazard ratio, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, MACCEs major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, MI myocardial infarction, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, OR odds ratio, PHQ-8 eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, PSM portable sleep monitor, PSG polysomnography, RHTN resistant hypertension, TIA transient ischemic attack.

Cross-sectional studies: characteristics, outcomes and results.