Table 1.

Differences in genetic variants of SNPs in genes related to cytokines by race

Study first author, year	Number of subjects	Study design	Gene – SNP variants that differ by race	Main findings
Cox ED et al., 2001 (74)	CA (n = 102) AA (n = 43)	Prospective cohort	IL6-174G IL2-330T	IL-6 and IFN-γ genotypic distribution differ by race among AA and white women
Lazarus R et al., 2002 (75)	CA (n = 23) AA (n = 24) HA (n = 24)	Retrospective cohort	IL10-1117	Higher number of population-specific polymorphisms found in AA compared to white women and Hispanic women
Hoffmann SC et al., 2002 (76)	CA (n = 216) AA (n = 58)	Prospective cohort	IL2-2330G IL6-174G IL10-1084G	Statistically significant variations in IL-2 allele and genotype distributions between Blacks and Whites, with Blacks having no homozygous (G/G) individuals who are high IL-2 producing. IL-2 promotes the development of self-tolerance
Martin AM et al., 2003 (77)	CA (n = 74) AA (n = 84)	Prospective cohort	TNFαR-28T→C TNFαR-36G→A TNFαR-7979C→T IL-1α-2121C→T IL-1β-3406C→T	7/12 novel SNPs identified in the study were exclusively seen in AA populations
Hassan MI et al., 2003 (78)	CAW (n = 81) AAW (n = 42)	Prospective cohort	IL6–174C/G IFNγ-873T/A	AAW had higher frequency of high IL-6 producing SNP White women had a higher frequency of high IFNγ producing SNP
Ness RB et al., 2004 (79)	CAW (n = 396) AAW (n = 179)	Prospective cohort	IL1A-4845G/G IL1A-889T/T IL1B-3957C/C IL1B-511A/A IL6-174G/G IL10-819T/T IL10-1082A/A	AAW were significantly more likely to carry allelic variants known to upregulate proinflammatory cytokines
Rady PL et al., 2004 (80)	CA (n = 91) AA (n = 97)	Retrospective cohort	IL10-1082 A	AA had a lower rate of high producing SNPs and a higher rate of low IL-10 producing SNPs compared to white women
Zabaleta J et al., 2008 (81)	CA (n = 299) AA (n = 294)	Retrospective cohort	IL1B-511T IL1B-31C IL10-1082A IL10-592A TNF-308A IL1R2	Higher allelic variants conferring increased cancer risk in AA
Van Dyke AL et al., 2009 (82)	CAW (n = 380) AAW (n = 103)	Prospective cohort	IL1B rs16944 IL2 rs2069763 IL8 rs4073 IL15 rs1057972 IL15RA rs2228059 IFNGR2 rs1059293	52 out of 70 investigated SNPs that met criteria for analysis differed by race in genotypic, haplotypic, and allelic frequencies
Gong Z et al., 2013 (83)	CAW (n = 650) AAW (n = 864)	Case - Control	TNFA-rs1799724	Variants in genes involved in innate immune pathways differ by race in AAW and white women
Murray JL et al., 2013 (84)	CAW (n = 739) AAW (n = 141)	Retrospective cohort	NFKB1 rs230532 IL13 rs1800925 NFKB1 rs3774932 IL4R rs3024543	SNPs that predicted time-to-recurrence (TTR) different in AAW and CAW NFKB1 rs230532 and IL13 rs1800925 SNPs were independent predictors of a shorter TTR in white BC patients, while NFKB1 rs774932 and IL4R rs3024543 SNPs were predictive of shorter TTR in AA
Quan L et al., 2014 (73)	CAW (n = 1307) AAW (n = 1365)	Case - Control	IFNGR2 rs1059293 IL15RA rs2296135 LTA rs1041981 IL4R rs1801275 TGFB1 rs180469	Cytokine and cytokine receptor SNPs in the adaptive immune response pathways associated with breast cancer risk differed by race, menopausal, and ER status