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. 2022 Oct 4;13:943445. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.943445

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Copyright © 2022 Coulibaly, Diop, Kone, Dara, Ouattara, Mulder, Miotto, Diakite, Djimde and Amambua-Ngwa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Genome-wide SNP differentiation between geo-temporal populations of P. falciparum from Mali. (A) Manhattan plot of genome-wide Jost’s D differentiation index per SNP between all sampling locations (geo-temporal populations) in Mali. The genomic location of drug-resistance-associated genes (pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfdhps) is indicated with arrows. (B) Allele frequency proportions (pie charts) for the PFCRT A220S locus across different sampling locations. (C) Manhattan plot of genome-wide Jost’s D differentiation index per SNP between samples from Faladje collected in 2007 and 2015–2017 and (D) Faladje 2007 against 2013. (E) Temporal changes in proportion of alleles and haplotypes of drug-resistance-associated loci in pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfdhps.