Table 2.
Baseline demography and clinical characteristics of low versus high GLP-1 levels in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes subjects.
| Prediabetes (n=28) | Type 2 diabetes (n=22) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low GLP-1 (n=14) | High GLP-1 (n=14) | p-value | Low GLP-1 (n=11) | High GLP-1 (n=11) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 52 ± 10 | 49 ± 10 | 0.344 | 56 ± 13 | 49 ± 10 | 0.127 |
| Male/Female, % | 35.7/64.3 | 64.3/35.7 | 0.111 | 72.7/27.3 | 72.7/27.3 | 1.000 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Malays | 4 (28.6) | 5 (35.7) | 1.000 | 3 (27.3) | 5 (45.5) | 0.861 |
| Chinese | 6 (42.9) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (45.5) | 3 (27.3) | ||
| Indians | 4 (28.6) | 4 (28.6) | 3 (27.3) | 3 (27.3) | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 71.69 ± 15.33 | 76.29 ± 10.88 | 0.368 | 66.3 (61.4,91.3) | 72.3 (65.5,85.8) | 0.341 |
| Height (cm) | 159.27 ± 9.77 | 163.34 ± 6.02 | 0.199 | 165.8 ± 9.57 | 161.47 ± 8.87 | 0.284 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.27 ± 5.62 | 28.56 ± 3.64 | 0.875 | 26.48 ± 4.59 | 25.05 ± 7.13 | 0.204 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 (0.78,0.91) | 0.92 (0.88,0.97) |
0.241 | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.434 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 19 | 132 ± 18 | 0.452 | 130 ± 22 | 136 ± 13 | 0.475 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 10 | 83 ± 13 | 0.479 | 77 ± 11 | 83 ± 8 | 0.151 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.94 ± 0.20c | 5.95 ± 0.62d | 0.968 | 8.13 ± 0.96c | 8.52 ± 0.7d | 0.288 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.35 ± 0.88c | 5.57 ± 0.66d | 0.457 | 8.85 ± 2.08c | 9.39 ± 2.14d | 0.558 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 17.09 ± 9.41 | 19.2 ± 6.31 | 0.493 | 13.96 (10.88,26.22) | 17.71 (10.58,32.62) | 0.922 |
| Fasting GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 16.06a,c (13.7,19.4) | 27.28a (24.39,35.85) | <0.001 | 21.37b,c (19.44,23.67) | 30.39b (28,37.32) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.98,1.7) | 1.6 (1.23,2.53) | 0.230 | 1.5 (1.3,1.9) | 1.9 (1.2,2.6) | 0.921 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (4.05,5.3) | 4.65 (4.18,5.28) | 0.945 | 4.87 ± 1.4 | 5.43 ± 1.46 | 0.373 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.71 ± 0.7 | 2.76 ± 0.69 | 0.851 | 2.81 ± 1.19 | 3.44 ± 1.31 | 0.250 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.44 | 1.13 ± 0.23 | 0.425 | 1.07 ± 0.17 | 1.1 ± 0.19 | 0.724 |
| Glucose tolerance | ||||||
| Category, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (7.1) | 0.276 | |||
| IFG | 10 (52.6) | 9 (64.3) | ||||
| IGT | 1 (7.1) | 4 (28.6) | ||||
| IFG+IGT | ||||||
| Duration of diabetes, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤1 year | 3 (27.3) | 5 (45.5) | 0.550 | |||
| >1 to<5 years | 2 (18.2) | 3 (27.3) | ||||
| ≥5 years | 6 (54.5) | 3 (27.3) | ||||
| Oral glucose lowering drugs, n (%) | ||||||
| No medication | 4 (36.4) | 3 (27.3) | ||||
| Metformin | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | ||||
| Sulphonylurea | 1 (9.1) | 0 () | ||||
| Metformin+ | 1.000 | |||||
| Sulphonylurea | 3 (37.3) | 4 (36.4) | ||||
| Metformin+ | ||||||
| Sulphonylurea+ | 1 (9.1) | 2 (18.2) | ||||
| Acarbose | ||||||
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance.
a/b/c/d, for each variable, there was significant difference between the groups marked with the same superscript letter.