Table 3.
Changes in HbA1c, plasma glucose and serum insulin in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
| Prediabetes | n | Baseline (mean ± SD) |
Week 12 (mean ± SD) |
LS-mean change from baseline (95% CI) | LS-mean between- group difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (%) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 5.94 ± 0.20 | 5.84 ± 0.31 | -0.11 (-0.26,0.04) | -0.22 (-0.43,-0.02)* |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 5.95 ± 0.62 | 5.62 ± 0.62 | -0.33 (-0.48,-0.18)† | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 5.35 ± 0.88 | 5.67 ± 0.68 | 0.29 (0.05,0.52) | -0.45 (-0.78,-0.12)* |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 5.57 ± 0.66 | 5.37 ± 0.50 | -0.16 (-0.39,0.07) | |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 9.01 ± 1.31 | 8.61 ± 1.78 | -0.38 (-1.1,0.37) | -0.85 (-1.92,0.22) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 8.77 ± 1.18 | 7.57 ± 1.56 | -1.23 (-1.99,-0.48)† | |
| Glucose AUC0-2h (mmol/L.min) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 1256.57 ± 232.97 | 1181.36 ± 359.47 | -91.65 (-213.42,30.12) | -172.24* (-343.53, -0.95) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 1294.39 ± 289.48 | 1028.25 ± 146.70 | -263.89† (-384.74, -143.04) | |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 17.09 ± 9.41 | 15.16 ± 8.84 | -1.74 (-3.69,0.21) | 1.10 (-1.66,3.87) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 19.20 ± 6.31 | 18.23 ± 5.67 | -0.63 (-2.58,1.31) | |
| 30- min insulin (µU/ml) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 61.32 ± 38.09 | 66.81 ± 35.96 | -2.57 (-16.31,11.18) | 31.13 (9.94,52.33)* |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 117.74 ± 44.40 | 136.53 ± 35.45 | 28.57†
(15.21,41.92) |
|
| Insulin AUC0-2h (µU/ml.min) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 10011.01±5495.12 | 10350.56±4481.95 | 517.45 (-2854.14,3889.05) | 2489.1 (-2741.39,7719.59) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 18539.53±6493.01 | 20973.60±9348.39 | 3006.55 (-253.42,6266.53) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | n |
Baseline
mean ± SD |
Week 12
mean ± SD |
LS-mean change from baseline
(95% CI) |
LS-mean between- group difference
(95% CI) |
| HbA1c (%) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 8.13 ± 0.96 | 7.35 ± 0.75 | -0.9 (-1.22,-0.58)† | -0.58 (-1.04,-0.12)* |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 8.52 ± 0.70 | 6.93 ± 0.39 | -1.48 (-1.8,-1.16)† | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 8.85 ± 2.08 | 7.16 ± 1.86 | -1.85 (-2.46,-1.25)† | -0.95 (-1.82,-0.08)* |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 9.39 ± 2.14 | 6.48 ± 1.29 | -2.81 (-3.42,-2.19)† | |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 17.03 ± 4.79 | 12.66 ± 3.81 | -4.02 (-5.08,-2.95)† | -2.40 (-3.94,-0.87)* |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 15.93 ± 3.11 | 9.74 ± 2.18 | -6.42 (-7.48,-5.35)† | |
| Glucose AUC0-2h (mmol/L.min) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 1826.59 ± 460.36 | 1427.73 ± 297.86 | -410.3† (-492.09,-328.51) | -156.26* (-272.81,-39.72) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 1886.59 ± 369.96 | 1303.91 ± 241.94 | -566.56†
(-648.39,-484.74) |
|
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 18.79 ± 11.70 | 18.70 ± 15.48 | -0.12 (-8.40,8.16) | 0.92 (-10.88,12.72) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 18.85 ± 16.38 | 19.58 ± 13.11 | 0.80 (-7.49,9.09) | |
| 30- min insulin (µU/ml) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 48.08 ± 22.29 | 49.13 ± 26.17 | 0.17 (-10.95,11.29) | 8.72 (-7.18,24.62) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 60.37 ± 43.87 | 69.85 ± 41.23 | 8.89 (-2.09,19.87) | |
| Insulin AUC0-2h (µU/ml.min) | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 7479.22±3823.06 | 8474.23±4084.95 | 2045.02† (62.26,4027.77) | 3064.55* (160.28,5968.81) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 13555.91±9709.1 | 19708.59±13918.79 | 5109.56† (3148.9,7070.23) | |
AUC, area under the curve; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; LS, least-squares.
*p<0.05; †p<0.05 compared to baseline.