Table 4.
Change from baseline in indices of insulin resistance and beta cell function in subjects with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
| Prediabetes | n | Baseline mean ± SD |
Week 12 mean ± SD |
LS-mean change from baseline (95% CI) |
LS-mean between- group difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOMA-IR | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 4.17 ± 2.39 | 3.99 ± 2.15 | -0.15 (-0.69,0.38) | -0.19 (-0.95,0.57) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 4.80 ± 1.80 | 4.36 ± 1.54 | -0.34 (-0.88,0.19) | |
| TyG index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 8.68 ± 0.56 | 8.67 ± 0.55 | -0.002 (-0.14,0.14) | -0.19 (-0.39,-0.01)* |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 8.95 ± 0.50 | 8.75 ± 0.58 | -0.195 (-0.33,-0.06)† | |
| HOMA-IS | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 0.36 ± 0.27 | 0.35 ± 0.24 | 0.001 (-0.07,0.07) | 0.023 (-0.08,0.13) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 0.24 ± 0.12 | 0.29 ± 0.11 | 0.024 (-0.05, 0.10) | |
| HOMA-β | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 146.42 ± 169.7 | 151.7 ± 106.04 | 3.33 (-40.05,33.39) | 24.29 (-27.99,76.57) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 197.14 ± 72.79 | 203.24 ± 67.68 | 20.96 (-15.53,57.45) | |
| Insulinogenic index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 11.18 ± 11.11 | 16.44 ± 11.57 | 5.63 (-5.20,16.45) | 17.9 (1.76,34.04)* |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 21.26 ± 8.75 | 43.38 ± 25.34 | 23.53 (13, 34.06)† | |
| Oral Disposition index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 14 | 0.74 ± 0.6 | 1.47 ± 1.43 | 0.89 (-0.13,1.65) 1.17 (0.43,1.91)† |
0.28 (-0.82,1.38) |
| High GLP-1 | 14 | 1.21 ± 0.63 | 2.48 ± 1.61 | 1.17 (0.43,1.91)† | |
| Type 2 diabetes | n |
Baseline
mean ± SD |
Week 12
mean ± SD |
LS-mean change from baseline
(95% CI) |
LS-mean between- group difference
(95% CI) |
| HOMA-IR | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 7.37 ± 4.57 | 6.11 ± 5.23 | -1.70 (-3.84,0.44) | -3.14 (-6.19,0.10)* |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 8.70 ± 5.21 | 3.57 ± 3.56 | -4.84 (-6.98,-2.71)† | |
| TyG index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 9.46 ± 0.62 | 9.07 ± 0.63 | -0.46 (-0.79, -0.12)† | -0.57 (-1.05,-0.09)* |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 8.59 ± 0.52 | -1.03 (-1.36,-0.69)† | |
| HOMA-IS | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.28 ± 0.22 | 0.01 (-1, 1.03) | 1.25 (-0.2, 2.70) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 1.21 ± 2.31 | 1.26 (0.25,2.27) | |
| HOMA-β | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 85.28 ± 76.69 | 131.90 ± 109.81 | 49.69 (-35.53, 134.91) | 36.32 (-85.43,158.07) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 71.33 ± 58.29 | 169.70 ± 173.40 | 86.01 (0.64,171.37) | |
| Insulinogenic index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 10.01 ± 11.58 | 11.99 ± 12.83 | 1.83 (-6.64,10.30) | 3.93 (-8.15,16.02) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 11.93 ± 12.95 | 18.82 ± 21.07 | 5.76 (-2.70,14.23) | |
| Oral Disposition index | |||||
| Low GLP-1 | 11 | 0.67 ± 0.78 | 0.87 ± 1.08 | 0.53 (-4.19,5.24) | 3.65 (-3.08,10.39) |
| High GLP-1 | 11 | 0.88 ± 1.44 | 5.52 ± 9.9 | 4.18 (-0.53,8.89) | |
HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-IS, homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity; TyG, triglyceride-glucose. *p<0.05; †p<0.05 compared to baseline.