TABLE 1.
Weighted characteristics of the study participants by the quartiles of composite dietary antioxidant index.
| Level | Overall | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Unadjusted p-value |
Adjusted p-value |
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| CDAI | <−2.1 | −2.1∼0.1 | 0.1∼2.7 | ≥2.7 | ||||
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| N | 339355711 | 110316384 | 78007777 | 75808160 | 75223390 | |||
| Age [mean (SD)] | 47.2 (16.9) | 47.1 (17.4) | 47.6 (17.0) | 47.6 (16.8) | 46.4 (16.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Sex (%) | Female | 178121841 (52.5) | 69701502 (63.2) | 44692798 (57.3) | 38963486 (51.4) | 24764055 (32.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male | 161233870 (47.5) | 40614882 (36.8) | 33314978 (42.7) | 36844674 (48.6) | 50459336 (67.1) | |||
| BMI [mean (SD)] | 28.7 (6.7) | 28.5 (6.6) | 28.8 (6.8) | 28.8 (6.6) | 28.7 (6.6) | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | Mexican American | 25572639 (7.5) | 7636053 (6.9) | 5835120 (7.5) | 5746815 (7.6) | 6354651 (8.4) | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 36605626 (10.8) | 13804486 (12.5) | 8889082 (11.4) | 7433325 (9.8) | 6478733 (8.6) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 238058699 (70.2) | 75506501 (68.4) | 54624888 (70.0) | 54166517 (71.5) | 53760793 (71.5) | |||
| Other Race | 39118747 (11.5) | 13369344 (12.1) | 8658687 (11.1) | 8461503 (11.2) | 8629213 (11.5) | |||
| Education (%) | College or above | 196527930 (57.9) | 52984625 (48.0) | 44474453 (57.0) | 48619421 (64.1) | 50449431 (67.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| High school or equivalent | 122634881 (36.1) | 48122613 (43.6) | 28976276 (37.1) | 23603931 (31.1) | 21932062 (29.2) | |||
| Less than high school | 19835061 (5.8) | 9041536 (8.2) | 4467900 (5.7) | 3498074 (4.6) | 2827552 (3.8) | |||
| Marital status (%) | Married | 191403497 (56.4) | 58327826 (52.9) | 43173816 (55.3) | 44934453 (59.3) | 44967403 (59.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Never married | 79194193 (23.3) | 24987044 (22.7) | 17785773 (22.8) | 17411274 (23.0) | 19010102 (25.3) | |||
| Separated | 61357353 (18.1) | 22794026 (20.7) | 15047938 (19.3) | 12621649 (16.6) | 10893740 (14.5) | |||
| Family income-poverty ratio [mean (SD)] | 3.02 (1.63) | 2.73 (1.63) | 2.98 (1.61) | 3.18 (1.60) | 3.30 (1.61) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Family income-poverty ratio (%) | <1.0 | 42588716 (12.5) | 17400946 (15.8) | 9799126 (12.6) | 7949230 (10.5) | 7439413 (9.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 1.0–3.0 | 114663927 (33.8) | 40518143 (36.7) | 26940266 (34.5) | 24501539 (32.3) | 22703979 (30.2) | |||
| >3.0 | 157896137 (46.5) | 43045746 (39.0) | 35810803 (45.9) | 38420252 (50.7) | 40619337 (54.0) | |||
| Smoking status (%) | Never | 180442803 (53.2) | 54681255 (49.6) | 41735486 (53.5) | 42416503 (56.0) | 41609559 (55.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Former | 86304571 (25.4) | 25708560 (23.3) | 19371132 (24.8) | 19791775 (26.1) | 21433104 (28.5) | |||
| Now | 72359853 (21.3) | 29851348 (27.1) | 16812181 (21.6) | 13545232 (17.9) | 12151094 (16.2) | |||
| Alcohol use (%) | Mild | 115551843 (34.1) | 31978793 (29.0) | 26812016 (34.4) | 27688346 (36.5) | 29072688 (38.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 59170559 (17.4) | 18474581 (16.7) | 13181019 (16.9) | 14105120 (18.6) | 13409840 (17.8) | |||
| Heavy | 57988126 (17.1) | 19286772 (17.5) | 13736056 (17.6) | 12114479 (16.0) | 12850819 (17.1) | |||
| DM (%) | No | 273492729 (80.6) | 91809507 (83.2) | 62255113 (79.8) | 59563164 (78.6) | 59864945 (79.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DM | 40600421 (12.0) | 12316058 (11.2) | 10045433 (12.9) | 9509844 (12.5) | 8729085 (11.6) | |||
| IFG | 13285821 (3.9) | 3805847 (3.4) | 3077285 (3.9) | 3131930 (4.1) | 3270760 (4.3) | |||
| IGT | 6531440 (1.9) | 635958 (0.6) | 1560781 (2.0) | 2233202 (2.9) | 2101499 (2.8) | |||
| Hypertension (%) | No | 214176789 (63.1) | 69673740 (63.2) | 47652510 (61.1) | 48074949 (63.4) | 48775590 (64.8) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 125178922 (36.9) | 40642644 (36.8) | 30355267 (38.9) | 27733211 (36.6) | 26447800 (35.2) | |||
| CVD (%) | No | 309384087 (91.2) | 99233824 (90.0) | 70816311 (90.8) | 69306045 (91.4) | 70027907 (93.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 29949235 (8.8) | 11079480 (10.0) | 7187320 (9.2) | 6501139 (8.6) | 5181296 (6.9) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | No | 101630847 (29.9) | 31450627 (28.5) | 22522172 (28.9) | 22998184 (30.3) | 24659863 (32.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 237677859 (70.0) | 78860965 (71.5) | 55451892 (71.1) | 52803332 (69.7) | 50561671 (67.2) | |||
| CKD (%) | No | 152237701 (44.9) | 16582761 (15.0) | 35132488 (45.0) | 47522497 (62.7) | 52999956 (70.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 26766362 (7.9) | 3981582 (3.6) | 7774760 (10.0) | 7743420 (10.2) | 7266601 (9.7) |
Data are presented as frequencies (percentages) or mean (SD) or median (IQR). Numbers that do not add up to 100% are attributable to missing data. CDAI, composite dietary antioxidant index; BMI, the body-mass index is determined as follows: the weight in kilograms (Kgs)/(height in square meters (m2); DM, diabetes mellitus; IFG, impaired fasting glycaemia; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.