Table 2.

Classification of OUD Cascade of care publications.

Article	Setting	Data source(s)	Outcomes	Measurement design

Belenko et al., 2017⁴²	Juveniles in the criminal justice system	No data reported, but describes linking juvenile justice and behavioral health system data	Hypothetical framework spanning 8 stages related to screening and treatment	• Denominator-denominator linked • Denominator-numerator linked • Single population
Socías et al., 2018³⁵	Individuals with opioid use in Vancouver (enrolled for longitudinal follow up) 2006–2016	Vancouver survey data: Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study and the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate exposure to Survival Services	CoC stage completion, 1–4	• Denominator-denominator linked • Single population per year
Yedinak et al., 2019³³	Statewide population in Rhode Island 2018/2019	NSDUH, State datasets, National Recovery Survey	CoC stages 0–4 prevalence/completion	• Cross section snapshot
Prieto et al., 2019³⁴	Denver population 2017	NSDUH, Electronic health records, data from a behavioral health registry	CoC stage completion, 0–4	• Denominator-numerator linked • Single population
Johnson et al., 2021³²	Florida Medicaid beneficiaries 2017/2018	Medicaid claims	Stage completion and associated mortality, CoC stage completion, 1–4	• Denominator- Denominator linked • Denominator-Numerator linked • Single population • Longitudinal
Scott et al., 2020⁴³	Chicago population, in communities at risk	Data reported to outreach program	Stage completion CoC 0–4	• Denominator- numerator linked • Single population
Piske et al., 2020³⁶	Individuals with OUD in British Columbia from January 1, 1996 to November 30, 2017	Provincial level linkage of four health administrative databases.	The eight-stage CoC included diagnosed OUD, ever on opioid agonist treatment (OAT), recently on OAT, currently on OAT and retained on OAT: ≥1, ≥3, ≥12 and ≥24 months).	• Denominator-denominator linked
Upadhyaya et al., 2021⁴⁴	Patients admitted with OUD and SIRI to Wash U hospital, medical records data 2016–2019	Hospital medical records review	All-cause readmission rate; intervention: referral to peer-led care	• Denominator-denominator linked • Single population
Boyd et al., 2021⁴⁵	Minnesota tribal community 2018	Minnesota Drug and Alcohol Abuse Normative Evaluation System (DAANES) health administrative data	Stage completion for stages CoC 2,3,4	• Denominator - denominator linked • Single population
Krebs et al., 2021³⁹	Adolescents (ages 12–18), young adults (19–24), Older adults (≥25), all with OUD (a subset of Piske et al. 2020)	Provincial-level linkage of six health administrative databases	The eight-stage CoC included diagnosed with OUD, ever engaged in MOUD, recently in MOUD, currently in MOUD, and retained in MOUD for ≥1, ≥3, ≥12, and ≥24 months.	• Denominator-denominator linked
Tiako et al., 2021⁴⁶	Patients in treatment for OUD among pregnant women, national, 2013–2017	Treatment Episode Dataset (TEDS) data from SAMHSA	Stage prevalence/completion: MOUD and retention	• Cross section snapshot

CoC = Cascade of Care; MOUD = Medication for OUD; NSDUH = National Survey on Drug Use and Health; OUD = opioid use disorder; PWOUD = Persons with OUD.