. 2022 Oct 30;28(4):531–539. doi: 10.5056/jnm22082

Table 3.

Esophageal Motor Dysfunction in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and its Association With Reflux

Esophageal motor dysfunction	Reflux relationship
Impaired anti-reflux barrier at EGJ
- Frequent TLESR	↑ Postprandial reflux¹⁴
- Hypotensive LES	↑ Reflux esophagitis¹⁵
- Low EGJ-CI	↑ Acid reflux
- Low EGJ-CI	↑ Reflux esophagitis^17-20
- Hiatal hernia	↑ Acid exposure time
- Hiatal hernia	↑ Positive reflux-symptom association^17,18
Esophageal body dysmotility
- Ineffective primary peristalsis	↑ Acid, weakly-acidic reflux
- Ineffective primary peristalsis	↑ Reflux esophagitis^21,25,26
- Decreased effective secondary peristalsis	↑ Refractory GERD
- Decreased effective secondary peristalsis	↑ Reflux esophagitis^27,28
- Abnormal multiple rapid swallowing	↑ Acid exposure time²⁹

EGJ, esophagogastric junction; TLESR, transient lower esophageal relaxation; LES, lower esophageal sphincter; EGJ-CI, esophagogastric junction-contractile integral; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.