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Characteristics of brain injury vs. effects of ketones.
| Change induced by brain injury | Potential role for ketones |
|---|---|
| Decreased ATP production | Increased ATP production |
| Increased oxidative and free radical damage to structural proteins and lipids | Decreased ROS; increased antioxidant capacity |
| Increased glutamate excitotoxicity | Reduced glutamate synthesis |
| Increased apoptosis/loss of neurons | Reduced apoptosis; increased BDNF |
| Possibility for seizures | Anti-seizure effects |
