Table 1. Child Participant and Clinician Demographic Characteristics.
| Child participants | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| All sites | Range across sites | |
| No. of participants | 349 | 28-65 |
| Index diagnosis of ASD | 249 (71.3) | 17-46 (60.7-70.8) |
| Reference diagnosis of ASD | 250 (71.6) | 18-44 (64.3-78.6) |
| Child’s age, mean (SD), mo | 39.90 (13.4) | 33.47-49.86 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 279 (79.9) | 23-49 (74.4-85.7) |
| Female | 70 (20.1) | 4-16 (14.3-25.6) |
| Racea | ||
| >1 Race | 33 (9.4) | 0-8 (0-24.1) |
| Asian | 22 (6.3) | 0-8 (0-19.5) |
| Black | 52 (14.9) | 1-16 (3.0-28.6) |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 0-1 (0-1.5) |
| Native American | 2 (0.6) | 0-1 (0-3.6) |
| White | 212 (60.7) | 12-43 (27.9-80.5) |
| Unknown/not reported | 26 (7.4) | 0-1 (0-1.5) |
| Ethnicitya | ||
| Hispanic | 67 (19.5) | 1-54 (1.5-9.1) |
| Non-Hispanic | 276 (80.5) | 19-54 (44.2-96.4) |
| Unknown | 6 (1.7) | |
| Insurance | ||
| Medicaid/SCHIP/CHIP | 184 (52.7) | 1-45 (3.6-100) |
| Private | 155 (44.4) | 0-44 (0-89.3) |
| Military | 9 (2.6) | 0-3 (0-11.5) |
| Self-pay | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) |
| Primary caregiver education level | 343 | |
| <HS | 38 (11.1) | 0-10 (0-24.4) |
| HS/GED | 82 (23.9) | 1-28 (1.8-68.3) |
| Some post-HS | 63 (18.4) | 0-18 (0-36.0) |
| College graduate | 105 (30.6) | 0-26 (0-53.5) |
| Graduate degree | 55 (16.0) | 1-18 (3.2-32.7) |
| Unknown | 6 (1.7) | 1-3 (2.3-10.7) |
| ASD diagnosis | ASD | Not ASD |
| Child participant assessment results by reference standard diagnosis | 250 | 99 |
| Behavior problems noted | 225 | 99 |
| Aggressive | 39 (17) | 27 (27) |
| Hyperactive | 86 (38) | 36 (36) |
| Inattentive/distractible | 100 (44) | 36 (36) |
| Cognitive assessmentb | 154 | 65 |
| Average to above average | 55 (36) | 40 (62) |
| Borderline | 38 (25) | 11 (17) |
| Mild impairment | 41 (27) | 10 (15) |
| Moderate impairment | 13 (8) | 3 (5) |
| Severe/profound impairment | 7 (5) | 1 (2) |
| Language assessmentb | 138 | 50 |
| Average to above average | 11 (8) | 14 (28) |
| Borderline | 23 (17) | 17 (34) |
| Mild impairment | 38 (27) | 12 (24) |
| Moderate impairment | 49 (36) | 3 (6) |
| Severe/profound impairment | 17 (12) | 4 (8) |
| Adaptive assessmentb | 162 | 56 |
| Average to above average | 17 (10) | 11 (20) |
| Borderline | 46 (28) | 29 (52) |
| Mild impairment | 76 (47) | 14 (25) |
| Moderate impairment severe/profound impairment | 21 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Impairment | 2 (1) | 2 (3) |
| Participating DBP clinicians | ||
| No. | 40 | 3-9 |
| ADOS routinely used at site (Y/N) | 34 (85.0) | NA |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 33 (82.5) | NA |
| Male | 7 (17.5) | NA |
| Age, mean (SD) | 48.10 (10.7) | NA |
| Years of experience, mean (SD) | 14.04 (11.9) | NA |
| ASD care a primary responsibility | 33 (82.5) | NA |
Abbreviations: ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CHIP, Children’s Health Insurance Program; DBP, developmental-behavioral pediatricians; GED, general educational development diploma; HS, high school; NA, not applicable; SCHIP, State Children’s Health Insurance Program.
Race and ethnicity were self-reported.
Scores for Cognitive, Language and Adaptive measures were obtained using different instruments across sites. Standard scores from individual test results were therefore categorized as average to above average, borderline, mild impairment, moderate impairment, or severe to profound impairment according to the following convention: average to above average, higher than 84; borderline: 69 to 84; mild impairment: 54 to 69; moderate impairment: 39 to 54; severe to profound impairment: less than 39.