Table 3. Coefficients, Odds Ratios, and Respective 95% CIs When Predicting the Consistency Between Index and Reference Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Diagnoses Using Univariate Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Models.
| Parameter fixed effects | Coefficient | OR (95% CI) | Effect size of OR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Predicted intercepta | 2.142b | 8.514 (5.401-13.420)b | Large |
| Child-level predictors | |||
| Child age | −0.006 | 0.994 (0.964-1.025) | Small |
| Child sex (male) | −0.353 | 0.702 (0.300-1.646) | Small |
| Child race | −0.005 | 0.995 (0.797-1.243) | Small |
| Child ethnicity | 0.577 | 1.782 (0.663-4.638) | Small to medium |
| Insurance | |||
| Medicaid | −0.060 | 0.941 (0.414-2.143) | Small |
| Private | −0.058 | 0.944 (0.421-2.118) | Small |
| Militaryc | |||
| Severity DSM-5 A criteria | 1.086b | 2.962 (1.882-4.663)b | Small to medium |
| Severity DSM-5 B criteria | 0.715b | 2.044 (1.379-3.031)b | Small to medium |
| DBP clinician self-rated diagnostic certainty per child participant | 0.593b | 1.809 (1.589-2.059)b | Small to medium |
| ADOS classificationd | 0.448 | 1.565 (0.944-2.594) | Small |
| ADOS module scores | 0.086 | 1.089 (1.016-1.168) | Small |
| Cognition | −0.008 | 0.992 (0.974-1.010) | Small |
| Language | −0.029 | 0.972 (0.945-0.999) | Small |
| Adaptive behavior | −0.011 | 0.989 (0.948-1.031) | Small |
| Child directly observed (time) | 0.656b | 1.926 (1.123-3.303)b | Small to medium |
| Evaluation by trainee | −0.780 | 0.459 (0.176-1.194) | Small |
| Availability of measures | |||
| Cognitive | 0.704 | 2.021 (0.960-4.256) | Small to medium |
| Language | 0.589 | 1.803 (0.833-3.901) | Small to medium |
| Social function | 0.653 | 1.921 (0.904-4.080) | Small to medium |
| Adaptive behavior | 0.328 | 1.388 (0.481-4.013) | Small |
| Behavioral problems | |||
| Self-injurious | 1.594 | 4.924 (0.800-30.285) | Medium to large |
| Aggressive | −0.080 | 0.923 (0.395-2.161) | Small |
| Hyperactive | −0.182 | 0.833 (0.416-1.668) | Small |
| Inattentive/distractible | −0.171 | 0.843 (0.370-1.920) | Small |
| DBP clinician-level predictors | |||
| Sex (male) | 1.124 | 3.076 (0.932-10.157) | Small to medium |
| Age | −0.028 | 0.973 (0.936-1.011) | Small |
| Years past training | −0.031 | 0.969 (0.936-1.004) | Small |
| Experience with DP | 0.249 | 1.283 (0.317-5.191) | Small |
| Primary effort in ASD | −0.531 | 0.588 (0.209-1.655) | Small |
| ADOS routinely used | 0.685 | 1.984 (0.398-9.884) | Small to medium |
Abbreviations: DP, Developmental Pediatrician defined by board certification in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics and/or Neurodevelopmental Disabilities; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition); OR, odds ratio.
Predicted intercept is from the null model. Results are based on univariate models to use all available data per predictor variable. The conventions used in the table refer to small, medium, and large effects as denoted by Cohen’s d values of .20, .50, and .80 standard deviations (in the OR metric). The child variables were directly observed and evaluation by a trainee were conceptually sound as clinician-level variables but had estimates per child and were used as child-level predictors.
P < .05, 2-tailed test. Significance was adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction and a false discovery rate equal to 5%.
Coefficients could not be estimated because of low frequency military insurance that did not contain enough variability to predict a binary outcome (consistency of index and reference diagnoses).
Values indicate: (0 = non ASD, 1 = autism spectrum, 2 = autism).