Table 2.

Rate ratios for the associations of country, city and subcity-level characteristics with subcity-level adolescent birth rates

	Exposure contrast (SD)	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
		RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)
Country-level characteristics
Per cent unmet contraceptive needs	3.48	1.10 (0.98 to 1.23)	1.10 (0.98 to 1.23)	1.09 (0.99 to 1.21)	1.02 (0.92 to 1.14)
City-level characteristics
GDP	9526	0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)		0.97 (0.95 to 1.00)	1.01 (0.99 to 1.03)
Average population size	6 110 912	0.97 (0.88 to 1.01)		0.97 (0.92 to 1.02)	0.96 (0.91 to 1.01)
Population growth (2010–2015)	2.84	1.00 (0.97 to 1.03)		1.01 (0.99 to 1.04)	1.02 (1.00 to 1.04)
Homicide rates (per 100 000)	17.96	1.12 (1.08 to 1.15)		1.10 (1.07 to 1.13)	1.09 (1.06 to 1.11)
MMR1 vaccine coverage	11.10	0.97 (0.94 to 0.99)		0.98 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)
Subcity-level characteristics
Living conditions score	2.63	0.75 (0.73 to 0.77)			0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)
Service provision score	1.75	0.85 (0.84 to 0.87)			1.00 (0.98 to 1.02)
Education attainment score	1.62	0.75 (0.74 to 0.77)			0.78 (0.76 to 0.79)
Random effects
Country-level intercept (Var (95% CI))			0.06 (0.02 to 0.15)	0.04 (0.02 to 0.12)	0.06 (0.02 to 0.15)
City-level intercept (Var (95% CI))			0.03 (0.03 to 0.05)	0.03 (0.02 to 0.04)	0.03 (0.02 to 0.03)

All exposure variables were standardised to a mean of 0 and a SD of 1, the exposure contrast refers to the SD which represents a one unit increase in exposure.

Bolded values indicate statistically significant estimates at a p<0.05.

GDP, gross domestic product; MMR, measles, mumps and rubella; SD, Standard Deviation; Var, Variance.