Table 4.
Associations between pneumonia, malnutrition and compound factors, estimated using multilevel mixed effects models
| Child factors | Pneumonia outcome model (n=9067) | Malnutrition outcome model (n=7782) | ||||||||||
| N | (%) | aOR | 95% CI | P value | N | (%) | aOR | 95% CI | P value | |||
| Child age | ||||||||||||
| <2 months | 7 | (1.70%) | ||||||||||
| 2–11 months* | 23 | (1.30%) | 0.73 | (0.29 | 1.81) | 0.5 | 295 | (29.30%) | 1 | |||
| 12–59 months | 91 | (1.30%) | 0.74 | (0.32 | 1.68) | 0.468 | 944 | (13.80%) | 0.22 | (0.17 | 0.27) | <0.001 |
| Child sex | ||||||||||||
| Girl | 60 | (1.30%) | 1 | 665 | (17.40%) | 1 | ||||||
| Boy | 61 | (1.30%) | 1.01 | (0.69 | 1.48) | 0.967 | 581 | (14.40%) | 0.77 | (0.66 | 0.91) | 0.002 |
| Compound factors | ||||||||||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
| Lowest | 16 | (1.20%) | 1 | 166 | (14.80%) | 1 | ||||||
| Lower | 29 | (1.80%) | 1.49 | (0.74 | 3.00) | 0.26 | 214 | (15.50%) | 1.01 | (0.71 | 1.44) | 0.956 |
| Middle | 15 | (0.90%) | 0.76 | (0.35 | 1.68) | 0.503 | 254 | (17.30%) | 1.08 | (0.76 | 1.54) | 0.664 |
| Higher | 29 | (1.40%) | 1.24 | (0.61 | 2.50) | 0.551 | 286 | (15.70%) | 1.08 | (0.77 | 1.53) | 0.656 |
| Highest | 30 | (1.30%) | 1.32 | (0.63 | 2.74) | 0.463 | 305 | (15.30%) | 1.12 | (0.78 | 1.60) | 0.546 |
| Water | ||||||||||||
| Unprotected source | 15 | (1.50%) | 1 | 114 | (13.90%) | 1 | ||||||
| Protected source | 104 | (1.30%) | 0.87 | (0.45 | 1.66) | 0.666 | 1111 | (16.00%) | 1.28 | (0.91 | 1.82) | 0.157 |
| Toilet | ||||||||||||
| Open defecation | 20 | (2.10%) | 1 | 129 | (16.20%) | 1 | ||||||
| Access to any facility | 99 | (1.20%) | 0.56 | (0.31 | 1.01) | 0.054 | 1096 | (15.70%) | 0.95 | (0.68 | 1.32) | 0.742 |
| Crowding | ||||||||||||
| <3 people per room | 53 | (1.20%) | 1 | 546 | (14.60%) | 1 | ||||||
| ≥3 people per room | 66 | (1.40%) | 1.24 | (0.81 | 1.88) | 0.327 | 679 | (16.80%) | 1.13 | (0.92 | 1.40) | 0.247 |
| Head of compound education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 15 | (0.80%) | 1 | 169 | (10.70%) | 1 | ||||||
| Informal/religious | 77 | (1.40%) | 1.81 | (0.97 | 3.39) | 0.063 | 890 | (18.50%) | 2.16 | (1.62 | 2.88) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 15 | (2.30%) | 3.92 | (1.67 | 9.23) | 0.002 | 77 | (13.60%) | 1.34 | (0.83 | 2.16) | 0.233 |
| More than primary | 12 | (1.30%) | 1.94 | (0.79 | 4.77) | 0.149 | 84 | (10.60%) | 1.01 | (0.64 | 1.58) | 0.982 |
| Head of compound occupation | ||||||||||||
| Subsistence farmer | 60 | (1.50%) | 1 | 584 | (17.40%) | 1 | ||||||
| Manual labour | 15 | (1.40%) | 0.84 | (0.43 | 1.62) | 0.595 | 154 | (16.80%) | 0.83 | (0.59 | 1.16) | 0.276 |
| Business/professional | 37 | (1.00%) | 0.6 | (0.37 | 0.98) | 0.042 | 450 | (14.20%) | 0.71 | (0.56 | 0.90) | 0.005 |
| Not working | 7 | (1.80%) | 1.4 | (0.51 | 3.81) | 0.514 | 37 | (11.30%) | 0.53 | (0.28 | 1.00) | 0.05 |
| |
Likelihood ratio test (p value)≤0.001 Compound level intracluster correlation (ICC)=0.388 | Likelihood ratio test (p value)<0.001 Compound level intracluster correlation (ICC)=0.463 | ||||||||||
*6–11 months for the malnutrition model.