Table 4.
IPA analysis of Cell-cell signaling and interaction of muscle-derived myokine.
| Myokine | Cell-cell signaling and function | Interaction between myokine and hepaokines |
|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | Activation of hepatic stellate cells; Binding of hepatocytes; Sensitization of macrophage; Proinflammatory cytokine associated with insulin resistance in obesity. |
|
| MSTN | Insulin sensitivity; Activation of stellate cell; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; Chemotaxis of macrophages; Accumulation of fat; synthesis and concentration of triacylglycerol. |
|
| FNDC5 | Darkening of white adipose tissue; Improvement of insulin sensitivity and induction of weight loss; Increase of energy expenditure. | Undetected |
| AGXT2 | Reduction of insulin resistance; Synthesis of glycine; Browning of adipose tissue; lipid oxidation. | Undetected |
| IL-15 | Deposition of lipid; Oxidation of fat; Suppression of macrophages; Adhesion and stimulation of monocytes; Release after acute episodes of aerobic exercise; Anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting TNF-α expression. |
|
| FST | Impairment of glucose tolerance; Inhibition of the actions of myostatin; contribution to hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and reduction in fat mass; Expression in the context of physical activity, especially aerobic; Resistance or high intensity training. | Undetected |
| ERFE | Autophagy of liver cells; Increase of the uptake of lipids by adipose tissue and liver; Decrease of the plasma concentration of free fatty acid. | Undetected |
| SPARC | Activation of hepatic stellate cells; Binding of endothelial cells; Resistance exercises and muscle hypertrophy; Inhibition of adipose tissue formation; Increase of insulin release and optimization of glucose uptake. | Undetected |
| METRNL | Activation of macrophages; Inflammation of liver. | Undetected |
| BDNF | Insulin resistance type A; Muscle and brain induction after exercise; Increase of sensitivity to insulin. | Undetected |
| FGF21 | Insulin resistance; Binding of hepatocytes; Responsiveness of brown adipocytes; Hepatic steatosis; Impaied glucose tolerance. | Undetected |
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of myokines. All identified disease and function of myokines were screened individually. Representative cell-cell signaling and interaction of myokines are associated with disease and function. IL-6, Interleukin 6; MSTN, Myostatin; AGXT2, Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2; IL-15, Interleukin -15; FST, Follistatin; ERFE, Myonectin; SPARC, Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine; METRNL, Meteorin Like; BDNF, Brain derived neurotrophic factor.