Table 2.
Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 patients.
| Study | n | No./total (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| VTE imaging | VTE event | DVT alone | PE | PE±DVT | Anticoagulation | Bleeding risk | Mortality | ||
| Asian studies | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Cui et al(7) | 81 (all critically ill) | NR | 20/81 (25%) | 20/81 (25%) | NR | NR | None | NR | 8/81 (10%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Xu et al(17) | 138 (15 critically ill) | NR | NR | 4/138 3/15 in ICU patients (20%) | NR | NR | 21.5% of non-critically ill received VTE prophylaxis 100% of critically ill received VTE prophylaxis | NR | NR |
|
| |||||||||
| Caucasian studies | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Lodigiani et al(13) | 362 (48 critically ill) | 16/44 (36%) | 16/362 (4.4%) 12/314 (3.8%) in non-ICU patients 4/48 (8.3%) in ICU patients | 6/362 (1.6%) 4/314 (1.2%) in non- ICU patients 2/48 (4.2%) in ICU patients | NA | 10/362 (2.8%) 8/314 (2.4%) 2/48 (4.2% in ICU) | 75%-100% (41% on VTE prophylaxis, 21% intermediate, 23% therapeutic) | NR | NR |
|
| |||||||||
| Klok et al(11) | 184 (all critically ill) | NR | 68/184 (36.9%) | 1/184 (0.5%) | 65/184 (35%) | 46/184 (25%) | 100% (Nadroparin, varying dose) | NR | 41/184 (22%) Thrombotic complications associated with hazard ratio of 5.4 with mortality |
|
| |||||||||
| Helms et al(10) | 150 (all critically ill) | 25/99 (25%) | NR | 3/150 (2%) vs. 3/233 (1.3%) in non-COVID-19 ARDS | 25/150 (16.7%) vs. 3/233 (1.3%) in non-COVID-19 ARDS | NA | NR | 4/150 (2.7%) had major bleeding events | 13/150 (8.7%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Fraissé et al(8) | 92 (all critically ill) | 39/92 (42%) | 6/92 (6.5%) | 19/92 (20.6%) | 6/92 (6.5%) | 43/92 (47%) on prophylactic VTE doses 49/92 (53%) on therapeutic doses | 16 bleeding events in patients on therapeutic anticoagulation | 41% | |
|
| |||||||||
| Middeldorp et al(14) | 198 (75 critically ill) | Screening US DVT lower limb done in 55/198 patients | 39/198 (20%) 35/75 (47%) in critically ill Hazard ratio of critically ill compared to non-critically ill=7.9 | 26/198 (13.0%) 2/123 (1.6%) in critically ill 24/75 (32% ICU) | 13/198 (6.6%) 2/123 (1.6%) in critically ill 11/75 (15% ICU) | NA | 84% on prophylactic VTE doses 16% on therapeutic doses | NR | 38/198 (30%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Poissy et al(15) | 107 (all critically ill) | 36/107 CT pulmonary angiogram (33.6%) | 24/107 (25.3%) | 5/107 (4.7%) | 22/107 (20.6%) As compared to 6.1% in case-control of ICU patients | NR | 91% (20/22) on VTE prophylaxis | NR | 15/107 (14%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Al-Samkari et al(6) | 400 (144 critically ill) | 19 (4.8%) VTE were radiologically confirmed | 22/400 (5.5%) | 9/400 (2.2%) | 10/400 (2.5%) | 3/400 (0.7%) | 100% prophylaxis | 4.8% (2.9-7.3) had bleeding events* 2.3% (1.0-4.2) were major bleeding events* | NR |
|
| |||||||||
| Llitjos et al(12) | 26 (all critically ill) | NA | NR | 14/26 (54%) | NA | 6/26 (23%) | NR | NR | 3/26 (12%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Thomas et al(16) | 63 (all critically ill) | 5/11 CTPA positive | NR | NR | 5/63 (7.9%) | NR | Prophylaxis with daltaparin | NR | 10/63 (16%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Goyal et al(9) | 393 | NR | 13/393 (3.3%) 3/263 (1.1%) in non-mechanically ventilated patient 10/130 (7.7%) in mechanically ventilated | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 40/393 (10.2%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Bilaloglu et al(19) | 3,334 (829 patients critically ill) | NR | 235/3,334 (7.0%) 108/2,505 (4.2%) in non-ICU patients 130/829 (15.6%) in ICU patients | 129/3,334 (3.8%) 51/2,505 (2.0%) in non-ICU patients 78/829 (9.4%) in ICU patients | 106/3,334 (3.2%) 54/2,505 (2.2%) in non-ICU patients 52/829 (6.2%) in ICU patients | NR | NR | NR | 817/3,334 (24.5%) |
|
| |||||||||
| Moll et al(18) | 210 (102 patients critically ill) | NR | 11/210 (5%) 0/108 (0%) in non-ICU patients 11/102 (11%) in ICU patients | 7/210 (3%) 0/108 (0%) in non-ICU patients 7/102 (7%) in ICU patients | 4/210 (2%) 0/108 (0%) in non-ICU patients 4/102 (4%) in ICU patients | NR | 90% on prophylactic anticoagulation | 2/210 (1%) had major bleeding events | 35/219 (16.7%) |
*Data presented as median (interquartile range). ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CTPA: computed tomography pulmonary angiogram; ICU: intensive care unit; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; VTE: venous thromboembolism