Table 1.

Intraoperative and perioperative clinical outcomes (overall cohort)

Variables	OS N=49	LS N=92	RS N=70	P
Operation time (min)	175.9±43.6	186.1±43.7	141.4±40.0	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P<0.001 LS vs OS; P=0.646
Blood loss (ml)	223.6±143.2	156.4±79.8	127.6±70.0	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.028 LS vs OS; P=0.012
Time to first bowel movement (h)	60.0±12.2	39.6±16.8	33.6±16.3	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.126 LS vs OS; P<0.001
Time to first flatus (h)	78.5±19.4	65.5±16.8	63.6±9.6	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.674 LS vs OS; P=0.001
Time to first liquid diet (h)	105.5±15.8	88.4±21.3	81.6±14.4	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.119 LS vs OS; P<0.001
LOS for all patients (d)	9.8±3.8	8.7±4.8	7.7±3.1	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.002 LS vs OS; P=0.002
LOS for patients without complications (d)	8.1±1.3	7.2±0.7	6.7±0.8	<0.001§
			RS vs OS; P<0.001 RS vs LS; P=0.018 LS vs OS; P=0.004
LOS for patients with complications (d)	13.2±4.8	14.5±8.3	14.5±5.4	0.754§

Values were expressed as mean (SD = standard deviation) or n (%)

Abbreviation: RS Robotic surgery, LS Laparoscopic surgery, OS Open surgery, LOS Length of stay

^§Kruskal-Wallis test