Table 2.
Perioperative and long-term postoperative complications (overall cohort)
| Variables | Open N=49 |
Laparoscopic N=92 |
Robotic N=70 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perioperative complicationsa | ||||
| Mortality, n (%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.232‡ |
| Reoperation, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | / |
| Readmission, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | / |
| Overall morbidity, n (%) | 19 (38.8%) z | 18 (19.6%) y | 8 (11.4%) y | 0.001† |
| Grade I/II complications, n (%) | 13(26.5%) | 17 (18.5%) | 8 (11.4%) | 0.107† |
| Wound infection | 4 (8.2%) | 6 (6.5%) | 5(7.1%) | 0.942‡ |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.506‡ |
| Ileus | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.796‡ |
| Acute pneumonia | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
| Fever of unknown origin | 4 (8.2%) z | 3 (3.3%) zy | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.037‡ |
| Anastomotic hemorrhage | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
| Anastomotic leak | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
| Blood transfusion due to anemia | 4 (8.2%) z | 1 (1.1%) y | 1 (1.4%) y | 0.049‡ |
| Grade III/IV complications, n (%) | 5 (10.2%) z | 1 (1.1%) y | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.004‡ |
| Wound dehiscence (fascia) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.232‡ |
| Intra-abdominal infection and effusion | 4 (8.2%) z | 0 (0.0%) y | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.003‡ |
| Ileus | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
| Acute liver failure | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
| Long-term postoperative complicationsb | ||||
| Overall morbidity, n (%) | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0.133‡ |
| Grade I/II complications, n (%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
| Incisional hernia | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
| Ileus | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.317‡ |
| Grade III/IV complications, n (%) | 4 (8.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.160‡ |
| Incisional hernia | 2 (4.1%) z | 0 (0.0%) y | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.036‡ |
| Adhesion | 2 (4.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.171‡ |
| Anastomotic stricture | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
| Major perioperative complications, n (%) | 6 (12.2%) z | 1 (1.1%) y | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.001‡ |
| Major long-term complications, n (%) | 4 (8.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.160‡ |
Values are expressed as n (%)
Major complications were defined as complications with a Grade III and higher of the Clavien–Dindo classification. Different letters (z and y) marked on the right side of the cell frequency indicated that there is a statistically different between the two groups that is the probability of the significance test for the comparison between the two groups is less than 0.05 (P < 0.05)
†Pearson’s chi-squared test
‡Fisher’s exact test
aComplications within 30 days from operation date
bNew complications 30 days after operation date