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. 2022 Oct 4;13:957711. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957711

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Copyright © 2022 Kogame, Egawa, Nomura and Kabashima

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Waves of layered immunity during embryonic development in a mouse model. The blue waves indicate primitive, transient definitive, and definitive waves which start at E 7.5, E8.25, and E8.5, respectively. The blood islands in the yolk sac (YS) and aorta–gonad–mesonephros (AGM) independently give rise to their own hematopoietic progenitor cells. After the establishment of blood circulation, hematopoietic progenitors appear in the fetal liver at E 9.5. Then, the fetal liver turns into the main site for fetal hematopoiesis. Next, the waves of early thymic progenitors (ETPs) reach the thymus at E13 and E18. Subsequently, the hematopoietic progenitor cells are seeded into the bone marrow at E17.5.